Microbial Taxonomy - science of biological classification. – consists of three separate but interrelated parts-Classification – arrangement of organisms into groups
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Structure and reproduction of Aspergillus niger ,with picture of different reproduction methods in detail ,also called sac fungi,large groupof true fungi ,saprophyte,it also known to cause food contaminations or food spoilage ,also cause black mold in fruits and vegetables like grapes, apricote ,onions and peanuts .Aspergillus niger is common group of Aspergillus.reproduction by sexual ,asexual or vegetative methods. vegetative mthods by fragmentation ,sclerotia
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
Secondary screening of industrial important microbes DhruviSuvagiya
Detection and isolation of a microorganism from a natural environment like soil containing large number of microbial population is called as screening. It is very time consuming and expensive process.
Structure and reproduction of Aspergillus niger ,with picture of different reproduction methods in detail ,also called sac fungi,large groupof true fungi ,saprophyte,it also known to cause food contaminations or food spoilage ,also cause black mold in fruits and vegetables like grapes, apricote ,onions and peanuts .Aspergillus niger is common group of Aspergillus.reproduction by sexual ,asexual or vegetative methods. vegetative mthods by fragmentation ,sclerotia
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
inroduction:Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants.
Pathogenic to higher plants.
. Harmless to human and other animals.
Reduce plant crop yield and quality of crops.
Some may be able to multiply within the bodies
Of aphids and nematodes.
History:Beijernick ( 1897) coined the latin name “VIRUS” meaning Poison. He studied plant juices and found they caused healthy plants to become sick.
Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from sick Tobacco plants. He discovered viruses were made of nucleic acids and proteins.
Geminivirus:one of the family of plant virus.
Currently over 360 species in this family, divided among 9 genera.
Diseases associated with this family include bright yellow mosaic , yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.
Ss circular dna diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (AMBISENSE).
Virus Classification:Group – Group II (ssDNA)
Order - Unassigned
Family - Geminiviridae
Genera – Becurtovirus Grablovirus
Begomovirus Mastrevirus
Capulavirus Topocuvirus
curtovirus Turncurtovirus
Eragrovirus
Structure: have Circular single-stranded DNA.
Genome is either in two segments.
The non-segmented genome is 2500-3000 nucleotides long, and the segmented genome is 4800-5600 nucleotides long.
The genome encodes for both structural and non-structural proteins.
In geminivirus, both segments must be transmitted to the host for a full systemic infection to occur.
Virion Sturcture:Geminivirus are non-enveloped, icosahedral virions that consists of a capsid.
The capsid is germinate, or twinned, and consists of 22 Capsomers.
The capsid is 30nm long and has a diameter of 18-20nm.
Symptoms:the time of infection, the virus strains and the presence of mixed infections.
Common symptoms are stunting, curling, and twisting of leaves.
Short internodes and stunted appearance , no apical growth caused by early infection.
Replication:Geminivirus encodes only a few proteins, thus they need to dependent host cell factors for replication.
These factors are DNA polymerase and repair polymerase to amplify their genome.
Replicate by a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids.
New antibiotics with unique properties and specificities
Produced by genetic manipulation
of the genes
involved in the biosynthesis of existing antibiotics
Researchers began by examining the consequences of placing two different antibiotic production pathways into one organism.
Each of the antibiotics (actinorhodine, medermycin, granaticin, dihydrogranaticin) functions as an acid-base indicator, conferring on a growing culture a characteristic color that depends on the compounds being synthesized.
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
inroduction:Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants.
Pathogenic to higher plants.
. Harmless to human and other animals.
Reduce plant crop yield and quality of crops.
Some may be able to multiply within the bodies
Of aphids and nematodes.
History:Beijernick ( 1897) coined the latin name “VIRUS” meaning Poison. He studied plant juices and found they caused healthy plants to become sick.
Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from sick Tobacco plants. He discovered viruses were made of nucleic acids and proteins.
Geminivirus:one of the family of plant virus.
Currently over 360 species in this family, divided among 9 genera.
Diseases associated with this family include bright yellow mosaic , yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.
Ss circular dna diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (AMBISENSE).
Virus Classification:Group – Group II (ssDNA)
Order - Unassigned
Family - Geminiviridae
Genera – Becurtovirus Grablovirus
Begomovirus Mastrevirus
Capulavirus Topocuvirus
curtovirus Turncurtovirus
Eragrovirus
Structure: have Circular single-stranded DNA.
Genome is either in two segments.
The non-segmented genome is 2500-3000 nucleotides long, and the segmented genome is 4800-5600 nucleotides long.
The genome encodes for both structural and non-structural proteins.
In geminivirus, both segments must be transmitted to the host for a full systemic infection to occur.
Virion Sturcture:Geminivirus are non-enveloped, icosahedral virions that consists of a capsid.
The capsid is germinate, or twinned, and consists of 22 Capsomers.
The capsid is 30nm long and has a diameter of 18-20nm.
Symptoms:the time of infection, the virus strains and the presence of mixed infections.
Common symptoms are stunting, curling, and twisting of leaves.
Short internodes and stunted appearance , no apical growth caused by early infection.
Replication:Geminivirus encodes only a few proteins, thus they need to dependent host cell factors for replication.
These factors are DNA polymerase and repair polymerase to amplify their genome.
Replicate by a rolling circle mechanism like bacteriophages such as M13, and many plasmids.
New antibiotics with unique properties and specificities
Produced by genetic manipulation
of the genes
involved in the biosynthesis of existing antibiotics
Researchers began by examining the consequences of placing two different antibiotic production pathways into one organism.
Each of the antibiotics (actinorhodine, medermycin, granaticin, dihydrogranaticin) functions as an acid-base indicator, conferring on a growing culture a characteristic color that depends on the compounds being synthesized.
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
This presentation entitled 'Molecular phylogenetics and its application' deals with all the developmental ideas and basics in the field of bioinformatics.
Microbial Taxonomy - Dr. R Subashkumar, Associate Professor in Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641006
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
• The method of classifying organisms into monophyletic group of a common ancestor based on shared apomorphic characters is called cladistics.
• Cladistics is now the most commonly used and accepted method for creating phylogenetic system of classifications.
Cladistics produces a hypothesis about the relationship of organisms to predict the morphological characteristics of organism.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Taxonomy
Greek taxis, arrangement or order, and nomos, law, or
nemein, to distribute or govern
Taxonomy is orderly arranging organisms under study
into groups of larger units.
Consists of 3 interrelated parts –
Classification
Nomenclature
Identification
Why???
3. Significance of Taxonomy
Scientists can gain
knowledge, make
predictions and
frame hypotheses
about organisms
Arrange the
organisms into
meaningful groups,
with precise names
Scientists can
identify the
organisms
accurately
4. –
–
• Arrangement of organisms into
groups
• (taxa’s or taxon)
Classification
• Assignment of names to taxaNomenclature
• Determination of taxon to which
an isolate belongs
Identification
Components of Taxonomy
6. Appearance of life
First prokaryotes
arise at least 3.5 to
3.8 bya
Fossilized remains
found in
stromatolites and
sedimentary rocks
Stromatolites – layered
rocks formed by
incorporation of mineral
sediments into microbial
mats
Predominantly
anaerobic organisms
7. Evolution of Prokaryotes
Recent theories based largely on characterization
of rRNA sequences
Work of Carl Woese et al. in 1970s divided into
two distinct groups early on
Bacteria
Archaea
Cyanobacteria (oxygenic prototroph's) arise ~2.5
to 3.0 bya
8. Evolution of Eukaryotes
Arise from prokaryotes ~ 1.4 bya two major hypothesis
First hypothesis
• Nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts arose by
invagination of plasma membranes
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
• Arose from a fusion of ancient bacteria and
archaea
• Chloroplasts arose from free-living phototrophic
bacterium that entered symbiotic relationships
with primitive eukaryotes
• Mitochondria arose by similar mechanism
9. Prokaryotic, archaeal rRNA,
isoprenoid glycerol diether or
diglycerol tetra ether lipids
Eukaryotic,eucaryotic
rRNA,diacyl glycerol diester
lipids
Universal Phylogenetic Tree
12. DEFINITION
GENUS
• Collection of
strains that share
many stable
properties and
differ
significantly
from other
groups of strains
SPECIES
• Collection of
strains with
similar G + C
composition
and 70%
sequence
similarity
STRAIN
• Population of
organisms that
is
distinguishable
from others
within a
particular
taxonomic
category
13. Strains within species may differ slightly from one another
in many ways
Biovars
Morphovars
Serovars
• Variant prokaryotic strains
characterized by
biochemical or
physiological differences.
• Differ
morphologically
• Have distinctive
antigenic properties
Strain Types
14. Binomial System Of Nomenclature
Devised by Carolus Linnaeus
Each organism has two names
Genus name – italicized and CAPITALIZED
(e.g., Escherichia)
Species epithet – italicized but not capitalized
(e.g., coli)
can be abbreviated after first use (e.g., E. coli)
16. NATURAL CLASSIFICATION
DEFINITION
Arranges organisms into groups whose members
share many characteristics and most desirable system
because reflects biological nature of organisms.
TWO METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTION
Phenetical Phylogenetical
grouped together based grouped based on
on overall similarity probable evolutionary
relationships
17. PHENETIC CLASSIFICATION
Group organisms together based on mutual
similarity of phenotypes
It can reveal evolutionary relationships, but not
dependent on phylogenetic analysis
i.e., doesn’t weight characters
Best systems compare as many attributes as
possible
18. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Defn: Used to create phenetic classification systems
Multistep process
code information about properties of organisms
e.g., 1 = has trait; 0 = doesn’t have trait
use computer to compare organisms on 50 characters
determine association coefficient
construct similarity matrix
identify phenons and construct dendograms
20. CLUSTERING & DENDOGRAMS IN
NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Dendogram – treelike diagram used to display results
Phenon – group of organisms with great similarity
Phenons with 80% similarity = bacterial species
21. PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION
Also called Phyletic Classification Systems
PHYLOGENY
Evolutionary development of a species
based on direct comparison of genetic
material and gene products
27. 4.Genetic analysis
Study of chromosomal gene exchange by
transformation and conjugation
These processes rarely cross genera
Plasmid-borne traits can introduce errors
into analysis
29. Protein amino acid sequence reflects gene sequence
DNA mRNA protein
Comparison of proteins from different organisms can be used
for taxonomical classification
Amino acid sequencing
Comparison of electrophoretic mobility
Immunological techniques
Comparison of enzymatic properties
Comparison Of Proteins
30. Usually expressed as the G + C content (% G + C)
G + C = (G + C / G + C + A + T) x 100
Can be determined in a number of ways
1.Hydrolysis of DNA and analysis of bases using HPLC
2.Measurement of melting point (Tm)
Nucleic Acid Composition
31. Measuring the Tm of DNA
GC pairs connected by 3 H bonds
AT pairs connected by 2 H bonds
Higher GC content higher Tm
Absorbance of 260 nM light (UV)
by DNA increases during strand
separation
Absorbance reaches plateau at
maximum strand separation
Midpoint of rising curve is the Tm
33. Measure of sequence homology
DNA heated above Tm to form single stranded
DNA
ssDNA incubated with radioactive ssDNA from
other organism
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
34. Nucleic acid hybridization
dsDNA heated to form ssDNA
ssDNA bound to nitrocellulose membrane
Membrane incubated with radioactive ssDNA from different organism
Filter incubated at temp lower than Tm
Filter washed and amount of bound DNA measured
Percent DNA bound indicates relatedness of organisms
DNA-rRNA hybridization can be used on more distantly related
organisms
37. Sequencing of nucleic acid only way to provide direct
comparison of genomes
Sequence of 16 S rRNA gene often used to compare
organisms
16 S rRNA gene amplified by PCR
PCR product sequenced and sequence compared with
that of known organism
Nucleic acid sequencing
38. Phylogenetic trees
Graphs that indicate phylogenetic
(evolutionary) relationships
Made up of nodes connected by
branches
Nodes represent taxonomical units
e.g. species
Trees can be rooted or unrooted
Rooted trees show the evolutionary
path of the organisms