The document discusses various formulations of microbial pest control agents. It describes dry and liquid formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), including wettable powders (WP) and liquid formulations. It provides examples of commercial Bt products and their formulations and dosages. The document also discusses formulations of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) and entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes. It describes procedures for concentrating and drying Bt, and formulations of NPVs, entomopathogenic fungi like Metarhizium and Verticillium, and entomopathogenic nematodes like Heterorhabditis in talc, sponge, hydrogel and other carriers.
Quality control and constraints in biofertilizer production technologyVENKATESH AGRI
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are the carrier-based preparations containing sufficient number of microorganisms in a viable state inoculated to soil or seed to augment the nutrient availability to plant by enhancing the growth and proliferation of microorganisms.
Quality control and constraints in biofertilizer production technologyVENKATESH AGRI
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are the carrier-based preparations containing sufficient number of microorganisms in a viable state inoculated to soil or seed to augment the nutrient availability to plant by enhancing the growth and proliferation of microorganisms.
This ppt tells the story of a boy who has to complete his homework which is about microbial inoculation. through this story one can learn about types of inoculants and microbial inoculant uses in agriculture.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
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The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This ppt tells the story of a boy who has to complete his homework which is about microbial inoculation. through this story one can learn about types of inoculants and microbial inoculant uses in agriculture.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
tag
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single cell protein slideshare
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flowchart of single cell protein production
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single cell protein pdf
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The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Production of secondary metabolites : enzymes which involves the upstream technological process
Introduction
History
Process involved
Contribution of different micro-organisms
Flowchart
Example: Methods Production of Amyalse in industrial view
Effect of Nitrobenzene granules and Seaweed extracts on biochemical contents ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of organic extracts (benzene, diethyl ether and water) of seaweeds (Halimeda gracilis, Ceramium rubrum and Cystophyllum muricatum) and nitrobenzene granuleson biochemical contents of Arachishypogea L. callusunder in vitro conditions. The callus of Arachishypogea L. was obtained from the leaf explants on MS medium containing 2, 4-D (1 mgL-1) and BAP (0.5 mg L-1). The mass multiplication of callus was achieved at 1mg L-1 of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of GA3. The calli were then treated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg L-1) of seaweed extracts and Nitrobenzene granules. Total carbohydrate, total protein and total chlorophyll contents were analyzed at 5, 10 and 15 days intervals. The total carbohydrate content was high (3.7mg/100mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Ceramium rubrumat 1.5 mg L-1 on 15th day. The total protein content was increased (6.9mg/100 mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Cystophyllum muricatum at 0.5 mg L-1 on 5th day and the total chlorophyll content was lower (0.36mg/100mg) in Nitrobenzene granules at 0.5mg L-1 in 5th day when compare to control. The present study reveals the positive role of different extracts of seaweeds on increasing the biochemical contents of callus culture of A.hypogea. The extracts can be further evaluated for their role on enhanced regeneration of plants from callus culture.
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Production of α-amylase using new strain of Bacillus polymyxa isolated from s...IOSR Journals
In this study, a new amylase producer strain was isolated from sweet potato tuber. This strain was able to grow at 37 °C and produce α-amylase in high quantity compared to other standard strain cultures. In the first part, cultivation in shake flask in standard medium was carried out to give complete information about the growth and production kinetics of this strain. The results clearly demonstrate that the isolated strain is able to production α-amylase in submerged culture with concentration up to 2050 kat/L after 20 h cultivation. Furthermore, medium optimization was carried out by changing the starch concentration and cell cultivation in medium of mixed carbon source (composed of starch and glucose of ratio 15:5 g/g) to enhance the production process and to increase the growth rate. The volumetric and specific α-amylase production in this optimized medium were 4550 kat/L and 1060 kat/g, respectively. Further improvement in enzyme production process was achieved by scaling up the process from shake flask to 3-L stirred tank bioreactor under non-oxygen limiting condition. The maximal volumetric and specific α-amylase productions in bioreactor batch culture were 5210 kat/L and 1095kat/g, respectively, after only 14 h cultivation
Gram-positive spherical/ovoid cocci arranged in long chains; commonly in pairs
•Non-spore-forming, nonmotile
•Can form capsules and slime layers
•Facultative anaerobes,Capnophilic
•Catalase Negative
•Most parasitic forms are fastidious and require enriched media
•Small, non pigmented colonies
•Sensitive to drying, heat, and disinfectants
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
I'm delighted to share the PDFs of lab courses in Microbial Physiology and Microbial Genetics. These comprehensive resources cover essential topics in understanding the intricate workings of microbes at a physiological and genetic level. these PDFs provide a detailed roadmap for our laboratory explorations.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Intoduction
• BT products dominate the microbial pesticide
market.
• other pathogens which are under development
for pest control include viruses, other bacteria,
fungi and nematodes.
7. Bt
• The pathogen is cultured on a semi-solid medium
so that it is preferable to process it as a dust or
wettable powder rather than attempt to separate
the spores and crystals from the medium solids.
• When grinding and mixing material containing
the pathogens to obtain a sufficiently fine powder,
care should be taken to avoid increase in
temperature or physical damage that would harm
the pathogen.
8. • spore-forming Bacillus thuringiensis are usually concentrated prior to drying by
centrifugation or filtration.
• Centrifugation using a continuous centrifuge concentrates the product from 2-3 % suspended
solids to 15-20 %.
• Centrifugation may result in some loss of suspended solid as well as loss of dissolved
materials. Such losses may not be acceptable and concentration using this technique can often
be omitted.
• Following concentration, one of the technique mixes the crystal/spores slurry with lactose,
adjuvants such as wetting agents, spreader-stickers or dispersing agents, and the whole
product is spray-dried at 175oC (Dulmage, 1981).
• The dry product is blended and/or mixed with additional formulation adjuvants before
packaging and/or use.
• The lactose added may act as a cryoprotectant or it may help to prevent clumping Dulmage
and Rhodes, (1971).
• Dulmage at al. (1970) (see chapter 2) developed an alternative drying technique for
laboratory preparations where spray drying facilities are not available; this technique of
recovery of B. thuringiensis is based on the lactose-acetone processing (see 2.1.1). Many
patents exist such as a foam flotation process for separating B.t. sporulation products.
9.
10.
11. NPV formulations
company Product name formulation Dosage
BIOTECH
INTERNATTONA
L LTD., NEW
DELHI
Biovirus H Liquid
Formulation
0.625-1 ml/L
SOM
PHYTOPHARMA
(INDIA) LTD,
HYDERABAD
SOMSTAR-Ha Liquid
formulation
Pest control (india)
pvt.ltd., mumbai
Heli-CideTM Liquid
formulation
100 ml per acre
Spodoptera litura
Pest control (india)
pvt.ltd., mumbai
Spodo- cideTM Liquid
formulation
100 ML PER ACRE
12. NPV
Spray SOMSTAR TM -SL @ 1ml / L of water
Mass Composition
• Constituent W/W % function
• Spodoptera litura –NPV Content mass/mass 5% Active
• Inactive ingredients (Glycerol) 50% Inactive
• Moisture 45% max Inactive
Biological Composition
• Constituent PIB/ml. formulation
• Polyhedral Inclusion Bodies of Spodoptera litura
• Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus. 1 x 109 PIB/ml Sprayable
Liquid
13. • Baculoviruses may remain unchanged for many years when stored
under appropriated conditions (Sireesha et al., 2010), they are
rapidly inactivated under field conditions by short and long
wavelengths (254 – 320 nm) UV light (Jeyarani et al., 2013),
particularly in the UV-B range (280-320 nm) (Lasa et al., 2007b).
Several protectants have been successfully used, such as
1.reflectants (metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide or titanium
dioxide),
2.general absorbents (carbon and naphthalene black),
3.Selective absorbents (amelozan and paminobenzoic acid),
4.optical brighteners (derivatives of stilbene, oxazole, pyrazole,
naphthalic acid, lactone and coumarin), and
14. EPF formulations
company Entomopathogenic
fungus
Product name formulation
Varsha bioscience
and technology India
Pvt Ltd Hyderabad
Metarhizium
anisopliae
Biostorm TM POWDER
Manidharma Biotech
Private Ltd, Chennai
Metarhizium
anisopliae
BIOPROTECTOR talc
Varsha bioscience
and technology India
Pvt Ltd Hyderabad
Verticillium lecanii shock talc
Ruchi biochemicals
Maharashtra
Verticillium lecanii spider WP
Eupnoea technisol
Pvt Ltd, Gujarat
Verticillium lecanii Lecan- EU WP
15. Entomopathogenic fungus
• For preparing the formulations viz.
• Carrier based powder formulation (CBPF)
using talcum powder, glycerine and gum,
• Oil-based liquid formulation (OBLF) using
corn oil, gum and glycerin,
• Bentonite oil-based liquid formulation
(BOBLF) using corn oil, gum, glycerin and
bentonite.
16.
17. Preparing of WP formulation of conidia and
storage conditions
• At first, we selected the Petri dishes with well grown and sporulated fungus on
SDAY medium,
• then collected the pure conidia of each Petri dish by scraping off the sporulated
fungus using sterile scalpels and maintained at a low temperature (4°C).
• For accession of proportion of carries that should be used with conidia, we carried
out experiments based on adding some proportions of supplements to conidia and
stored them for 30 days (unpublished data).
• In 2.5 g of fresh conidial powder, the concentration was equal and amounted to
2×1010 conidia ml–1. Conidia were mixed with silica gel powder in 2.5:1 weight
ratio.
• Then, other selected materials or carriers such as stickers, stabilizers, UV-protectant
and wetting agents were added to the mixture of conidia and silica gel into the
sterile cabinet.
• Approximately 12 g of dry powder was obtained for each case and poured in to 50-
ml falcon plastic tubes. These tubes were covered with aluminum foil and stored
under different conditions: in laboratory at a temperature ranging from 23–26°C
and in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4±2°C for 30 days.
18.
19. EPN formulations
• Nematodes can be stored and formulated in
different ways including the use of
polyurethane sponge, water-dispersible
granules, vermiculite, alginate gels and baits.
20. PREPARING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
NEMATODE FORMUTATIONS
A) Talc formulation: 25 ml of distilled water added in 250 g of
talc powder in a 500 ml beaker, they were mixed thoroughly
with help of glass rod. 50 ml of freshly harvested lJs of H.
indica @ 1 lakh/ml were added in the moisten talc then
thoroughly mixed till the nematodes suspension spread over
evenly into the talc. packed in a polythene envelop and sealed .
21. • b) Coir pith and saw dust formulation: A readymade
coconut coir brick and saw dust/ powder were taken. Both the
raw material was grinded separately to get fine dust with help
of domestic mixer and they were sieved with fine mesh,
sterilized under sun light (1 hr).100 g of each was moistened
adding 50 ml of distilled water separately. lJs suspension of 50
ml @ l lakh/ml were added evenly and mixed them gently till
nematodes spread over into the coir and the same procedure
was followed to saw dust powder too and sealed them
individually in a plastic container, stored for further
observation.
22. c) Sponge formulation: 2 g sponge pieces (4 cm. length X 2
cm.height X 2 cm. width) were washed thoroughly in tap water and
autoclaved for 10 min. IJs of H. indica impregnated by squeezing
in 50 ml nematode suspension (1 lakh/ml) and they packed in a
suitable polythene cover, sealed them smoothly.
d) Gel formulation :1 g of hydrogel granules were directly mixed by
adding 50 ml lJs suspensions and distribution of lJs evenly in
hydrogel content were done with help of a glass rod and sealed
them finally in a polythene paper.
e) Water: Freshly harvested lJs were washed twice in distilled water
and 50 ml @ 1 lakh /ml were stored in 250 ml conical flask. Flask
was closed with non absorbent cotton which was used in the
experiment as control treatment.
23.
24. Tested Formulae: Three materials were selected
to test their viability as carriers for the
nematodes as follows:
1) Hydrogel (Horie et al., 2002).
2) kaolinite or kaolin with the chemical
composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
3) Calcium alginate.
25. Preparation of the nematode formulae
• A matrix of nematode gel was prepared as per Kaya and Nelsen
(1985).
• The matrix was prepared by dissolving 2g of hydrogel, kaoline and
calcium alginate in 100 ml water and blended for 4-5 minutes.
• Drops of nematode suspension (2000 IJs/ml) were mixed with the
carrying material (hydrogel, kaoline and calcium alginate) in 4 x 9
cm plastic bags.
• An antifungal agent (0.05mg Streptomycin sulphate) was added to
prevent the growth of microbes and pH was adjusted to 7.0.
• The bags were sealed with a plastic sealing machine and left at room
temperature (25±2 oC).
26. • The pathogenicity of IJs which were formulated in
Kaolinite was more virulent against G. mellonella
than the other two carriers