Methods of gene transfer.
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Gene transfer is the mechanism by which DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell. There are several artificial methods for transferring DNA, including physical methods like microinjection, chemical methods like calcium phosphate and polyethylene glycol transfection, and electrical methods like electroporation. These gene transfer technologies allow for genetic manipulation of higher eukaryotic cells and were used to achieve the first transgenic mammals in the 1980s. Common methods like microinjection, gene guns, calcium phosphate transfection, and liposome or electroporation-mediated gene transfer introduce exogenous DNA into cells for genetic modification.
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Methods of gene transfer
Gene transfer techniques can be direct or indirect. Direct techniques introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without a biological agent, using methods like microinjection, microprojectiles, protoplast fusion, electroporation, and polyethylene glycol treatment. Indirect gene transfer uses the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which transfers DNA (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the host plant genome, allowing genetic modification of plants. Techniques like bacterial transformation and transduction can also directly transfer genes between bacteria using viruses or naked DNA. Overall, a variety of methods have been developed to introduce foreign genes into organisms and achieve genetic modification.
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Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. This document discusses various genetic transformation methods, including both direct and indirect methods. Indirect methods involve using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells. Direct methods discussed include particle bombardment, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and microinjection. The document provides details on the process, mechanisms, applications and history of genetic engineering and transformation techniques.
Gene transfer methods
This document describes various methods for transferring genes into organisms. Biological methods include using viruses like cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to transfer genes into plants. Physical methods include electroporation, which uses electric pulses to create pores in cell membranes through which DNA can enter. Liposomes and direct methods like microinjection and particle bombardment can also be used to directly transfer DNA. Chemical methods involve using compounds like polyethylene glycol (PEG) to destabilize cell membranes and allow DNA uptake. While physical methods can target single cells, they may damage cells. Biological methods using vectors are often more efficient but less controlled. Overall the document provides an overview of the key gene transfer techniques.
Gene transfer technology biotech
This document discusses various techniques for transferring genes, including natural and artificial methods. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, transduction, and Agrobacterium-mediated transfer. Artificial methods include microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfer, and electroporation. The document provides detailed descriptions of conjugation, transformation, transduction, Agrobacterium-mediated transfer, microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfer, and electroporation. It also discusses screening methods for transgenes and applications of gene transfer techniques.
Methods of Gene Transfer
Methods of Gene Transfer document discusses various methods of transferring genes into plants to create transgenic plants. It describes two main categories of gene transfer methods - physical and biological. Physical methods include microinjection, biolistics (gene gun), electroporation, and particle bombardment. Biological methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, which involves using the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells. The document also discusses transformation cassettes, selection of transgenic plants, analysis of transgenic plants, and some examples of commercially important transgenic crops like golden rice and Roundup Ready corn.
Genetic transformation
1. There are two main methods of gene transfer - direct and indirect gene transfer. Indirect transfer uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation while direct transfer uses physical or chemical methods.
2. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer T-DNA containing the gene of interest into the plant genome. The process involves co-cultivation of plant explants with Agrobacterium followed by selection and regeneration of transgenic plants.
3. Direct physical methods include biolistic transformation, microinjection, electroporation, and macroinjection. Direct chemical methods include PEG-mediated, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, and liposome-mediated transformation
Germline transformation eivran
This document discusses various methods for germline transformation in plants. It begins with introducing germline transformation as the process of altering an organism's genetic makeup by inserting new DNA into its genome, usually using vectors like plasmids. It then describes several methods for accomplishing plant transformation, including the pollen tube pathway method, Agrobacterium-mediated method, electrofusion, floral dip method, and biolistic method. The document provides details on the history and protocol of the pollen tube pathway method for plant transformation.
Gene transformation techniques
This document discusses various techniques for gene transformation, which is the process of altering or modifying genes. It begins by introducing the topic and describing early discoveries in bacterial genetic transformation in the 1920s. It then describes three main categories of gene transformation techniques: biological, physical, and chemical means. For each category, it provides examples of specific techniques and describes their mechanisms and applications. The physical means discussed include gene guns, microinjection, electroporation, and ultrasound. The document emphasizes that physical techniques allow for direct transformation without the use of carriers. It concludes by mentioning some applications of gene transfer techniques, such as for transgenic animals, crops, and gene therapy.
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Methods of gene transfer
Gene transfer techniques can be direct or indirect. Direct techniques introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without a biological agent, using methods like microinjection, microprojectiles, protoplast fusion, electroporation, and polyethylene glycol treatment. Indirect gene transfer uses the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which transfers DNA (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the host plant genome, allowing genetic modification of plants. Techniques like bacterial transformation and transduction can also directly transfer genes between bacteria using viruses or naked DNA. Overall, a variety of methods have been developed to introduce foreign genes into organisms and achieve genetic modification.
Genetic engineering and Transformation methods
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Gene transfer methods
This document describes various methods for transferring genes into organisms. Biological methods include using viruses like cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to transfer genes into plants. Physical methods include electroporation, which uses electric pulses to create pores in cell membranes through which DNA can enter. Liposomes and direct methods like microinjection and particle bombardment can also be used to directly transfer DNA. Chemical methods involve using compounds like polyethylene glycol (PEG) to destabilize cell membranes and allow DNA uptake. While physical methods can target single cells, they may damage cells. Biological methods using vectors are often more efficient but less controlled. Overall the document provides an overview of the key gene transfer techniques.
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This document discusses various techniques for transferring genes, including natural and artificial methods. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, transduction, and Agrobacterium-mediated transfer. Artificial methods include microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfer, and electroporation. The document provides detailed descriptions of conjugation, transformation, transduction, Agrobacterium-mediated transfer, microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfer, and electroporation. It also discusses screening methods for transgenes and applications of gene transfer techniques.
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Methods of Gene Transfer document discusses various methods of transferring genes into plants to create transgenic plants. It describes two main categories of gene transfer methods - physical and biological. Physical methods include microinjection, biolistics (gene gun), electroporation, and particle bombardment. Biological methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, which involves using the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into plant cells. The document also discusses transformation cassettes, selection of transgenic plants, analysis of transgenic plants, and some examples of commercially important transgenic crops like golden rice and Roundup Ready corn.
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1. There are two main methods of gene transfer - direct and indirect gene transfer. Indirect transfer uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation while direct transfer uses physical or chemical methods.
2. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer T-DNA containing the gene of interest into the plant genome. The process involves co-cultivation of plant explants with Agrobacterium followed by selection and regeneration of transgenic plants.
3. Direct physical methods include biolistic transformation, microinjection, electroporation, and macroinjection. Direct chemical methods include PEG-mediated, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, and liposome-mediated transformation
Germline transformation eivran
This document discusses various methods for germline transformation in plants. It begins with introducing germline transformation as the process of altering an organism's genetic makeup by inserting new DNA into its genome, usually using vectors like plasmids. It then describes several methods for accomplishing plant transformation, including the pollen tube pathway method, Agrobacterium-mediated method, electrofusion, floral dip method, and biolistic method. The document provides details on the history and protocol of the pollen tube pathway method for plant transformation.
Gene transformation techniques
This document discusses various techniques for gene transformation, which is the process of altering or modifying genes. It begins by introducing the topic and describing early discoveries in bacterial genetic transformation in the 1920s. It then describes three main categories of gene transformation techniques: biological, physical, and chemical means. For each category, it provides examples of specific techniques and describes their mechanisms and applications. The physical means discussed include gene guns, microinjection, electroporation, and ultrasound. The document emphasizes that physical techniques allow for direct transformation without the use of carriers. It concludes by mentioning some applications of gene transfer techniques, such as for transgenic animals, crops, and gene therapy.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l35. genetic transformation
Genetic transformation involves introducing naked DNA into living cells. The first successful genetic transformation was achieved in 1972 by Stanley Cohen and coworkers using E. coli cells and plasmid DNA. Various methods were subsequently developed for transforming other organisms and cell types, including stimulation with chemicals, encapsulation in liposomes, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, microinjection, and cell perforation using silicon carbide whiskers. These genetic transformation methods allow foreign DNA to enter cells and become integrated into the host genome.
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Hi, I am RAFi ,student of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Jashore university of science & Technology. It is my first uploading slide in slideshare.I am so glad for doing this work.
GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE SMG
This document discusses various gene transfer techniques used in genetic engineering. It describes direct techniques like chemically stimulated DNA uptake using polyethylene glycol (PEG), transduction using bacteriophages, electroporation using high voltage electricity, and microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs. It also discusses indirect techniques like microprojectile bombardment which shoots DNA-coated particles into plant cells, and Agrobacterium-mediated transfer where the bacterium transfers tumor-inducing (T-DNA) from its Ti plasmid into the host plant genome.
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This document provides information on various methods of gene transfer in plants, including Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer and direct gene transfer methods. Direct methods rely on delivering large amounts of DNA to plant cells through techniques like particle bombardment, electroporation, and microinjection. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer utilizes the bacterium Agrobacterium, which transfers genes into plant genomes. The document discusses several direct and Agrobacterium-mediated methods in detail and provides advantages and limitations of each approach.
Genetic transformation
The document summarizes the process of genetic transformation, which involves transferring genes between organisms. It describes the four main stages: 1) obtaining the gene to transfer using restriction enzymes, 2) preparing a vector like a plasmid for the gene, 3) inserting the gene into the vector to create recombinant DNA, and 4) isolating transformed cells that contain the new gene. The goal is to study genes across species since all organisms use the same genetic code, allowing genes to be functionally expressed when transferred.
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Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
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Genetic transformation involves inserting foreign DNA into a cell's genome. There are several methods of genetic transformation, including bacterial transformation using viruses or bacteria, retroviral transformation using retroviruses, and Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. These techniques are used for applications such as producing recombinant proteins, creating transgenic animals and plants, and developing gene therapies and vaccines.
Direct Gene Transfer Methods
This document discusses various methods of genetic transfer, including natural genetic transfer between organisms as well as technological methods developed to manipulate genes. It describes how donor DNA can enter a recipient cell and recombine, producing genetically distinct offspring. Several gene transfer technologies are then outlined, including microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, and electroporation. The document explains the basic mechanisms and applications of each method while also noting their limitations for different purposes like gene therapy. In the conclusion, it emphasizes that gene transfer technologies now allow relatively easy and accurate introduction of genes into target cells to potentially cure diseases.
ARTIFICIAL VECTORLESS GENE TRANSFER METHODS
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This document discusses various techniques for gene transformation, including biological, physical, and chemical methods. Biological methods use vectors like plasmids or viruses to transfer genes. The gene gun is described as a physical method that uses compressed gas to "shoot" gold or tungsten particles coated with DNA at high speeds into target cells. Calcium phosphate precipitation and liposomes are outlined as chemical methods that use calcium phosphate or lipid vesicles to transfer genes into cells. The document provides details on the procedures and components involved in gene gun transformation.
Modes of Gene Transfer
There are three main modes of gene transfer: transformation, transfection, and transduction. Transformation involves the natural uptake of foreign DNA by a cell. Transfection is the deliberate introduction of genetic material into animal cells. Transduction uses viruses to transfer genes between bacterial cells. It can occur through a lysogenic or lytic phase. Conjugation is also discussed, which involves the direct contact and temporary exchange of genetic material between two bacterial cells.
Dna transfer
This document discusses various methods of transfection, which is defined as the introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells. It describes transfection methods such as calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, retroviral transfection, and electroporation. It provides details on how each method works and compares their strengths and weaknesses. Common transfection methods like calcium phosphate and liposomes are simple but have low efficiency, while retroviral transfection can generate stable cell lines but has limitations on DNA size. Electroporation is fast and applicable to many cell types.
Gene transfer techniques
This document provides an introduction to gene transfer techniques. It discusses:
1. The process of gene transfer, which moves a specific piece of DNA into a cell, and genetic transformation, which is the stable integration and expression of a foreign gene into an organism's genome.
2. The two main methods of gene transfer - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment.
3. The steps involved in transformation which include identifying a desirable gene, designing the gene for insertion, inserting the gene into a target plant, and identifying transformed cells.
Gene transfer tech
Gene transfer techniques allow for the directed transfer of genes between organisms. There are two main methods - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer genes into plant cells, and direct methods like particle bombardment that directly shoot DNA into cells. The key steps are identifying a desirable gene, cloning it, inserting it into a plant cell, identifying transformed cells, and regenerating a full transgenic plant. This allows for improvements in traits like yield, herbicide and insect resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, but also raises some risks and concerns about impacts on human health and the environment. Further research is needed to develop genes conferring tolerance to multiple stresses and transfer them to a wide variety of crop varieties
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This document discusses various gene transfer methods. It defines gene transfer as the insertion of genetic material into a cell. There are natural methods like conjugation, transformation, and transduction that involve the transfer of genes between bacteria. There are also artificial physical, chemical, and electrical methods to transfer genes into cells, including microinjection, gene guns, calcium phosphate, liposomes, and electroporation. The document provides examples of how these various gene transfer methods can be used to insert genes into bacteria, plants, and animals.
Direct transformation in plants
Transformation is the process of altering an organism's genetic makeup by inserting new genes. It was first demonstrated in bacteria in 1928 and methods have since been developed for plants. There are both direct and indirect methods of plant transformation. Direct methods include particle bombardment/biolistics and electroporation, which introduce DNA by accelerating microprojectiles coated with DNA or using electric pulses. Indirect transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA to plant cells. The goal is typically to improve crop yields, traits, or pest/weather resistance.
Vector less gene transfer
This document discusses various direct or vectorless gene transfer methods for introducing foreign DNA into plant cells without the use of Agrobacterium. These include chemical methods like PEG-mediated transformation, calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran, and liposome-mediated transformation. Physical methods include electroporation, microinjection, and gene guns. The procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of some key methods like PEG-mediated transformation, calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, microinjection, and fiber-mediated transformation are described in detail. Direct transformation through imbibition of dehydrated plant tissues is also mentioned.
Gene transfer by physical methods
Physical methods can be used to transfer genes into cells by transiently permeabilizing cell membranes. This allows naked DNA to enter cells. Key physical methods include electroporation, gene guns, ultrasound, and hydrodynamic delivery.
Electroporation uses short electrical pulses to create temporary pores in the cell membrane through which DNA can enter. Gene guns use compressed gas to accelerate DNA-coated gold or tungsten particles into cells. Ultrasound combines microbubbles and acoustic cavitation to permeabilize membranes for DNA uptake. Hydrodynamic delivery involves rapid injection of a large DNA solution volume to generate pressure forcing DNA into organ cells like hepatocytes. These methods show promise but also have limitations like tissue damage, shallow
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Lectut btn-202-ppt-l35. genetic transformation
Genetic transformation involves introducing naked DNA into living cells. The first successful genetic transformation was achieved in 1972 by Stanley Cohen and coworkers using E. coli cells and plasmid DNA. Various methods were subsequently developed for transforming other organisms and cell types, including stimulation with chemicals, encapsulation in liposomes, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, microinjection, and cell perforation using silicon carbide whiskers. These genetic transformation methods allow foreign DNA to enter cells and become integrated into the host genome.
Gene transfer technology.
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Natural, physical, chemical methods of gene transfer.
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Dna transfer techniques
Hi, I am RAFi ,student of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Jashore university of science & Technology. It is my first uploading slide in slideshare.I am so glad for doing this work.
GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE SMG
This document discusses various gene transfer techniques used in genetic engineering. It describes direct techniques like chemically stimulated DNA uptake using polyethylene glycol (PEG), transduction using bacteriophages, electroporation using high voltage electricity, and microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs. It also discusses indirect techniques like microprojectile bombardment which shoots DNA-coated particles into plant cells, and Agrobacterium-mediated transfer where the bacterium transfers tumor-inducing (T-DNA) from its Ti plasmid into the host plant genome.
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This document discusses various techniques for gene transfer, including natural methods like conjugation, transformation, and transduction, as well artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate and liposome mediated transfer, and electroporation. It provides details on how each method works, such as how conjugation involves transfer of DNA between bacteria via sex pili, and how electroporation uses electrical pulses to create pores in cell membranes to allow DNA entry. The document also summarizes screening and applications of transgenic techniques.
Methods of gene transfer in plant
This document provides information on various methods of gene transfer in plants, including Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer and direct gene transfer methods. Direct methods rely on delivering large amounts of DNA to plant cells through techniques like particle bombardment, electroporation, and microinjection. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer utilizes the bacterium Agrobacterium, which transfers genes into plant genomes. The document discusses several direct and Agrobacterium-mediated methods in detail and provides advantages and limitations of each approach.
Genetic transformation
The document summarizes the process of genetic transformation, which involves transferring genes between organisms. It describes the four main stages: 1) obtaining the gene to transfer using restriction enzymes, 2) preparing a vector like a plasmid for the gene, 3) inserting the gene into the vector to create recombinant DNA, and 4) isolating transformed cells that contain the new gene. The goal is to study genes across species since all organisms use the same genetic code, allowing genes to be functionally expressed when transferred.
GENE TRANSFER METHODS IN ANIMALS
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
Genetic transformation system
Genetic transformation involves inserting foreign DNA into a cell's genome. There are several methods of genetic transformation, including bacterial transformation using viruses or bacteria, retroviral transformation using retroviruses, and Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. These techniques are used for applications such as producing recombinant proteins, creating transgenic animals and plants, and developing gene therapies and vaccines.
Direct Gene Transfer Methods
This document discusses various methods of genetic transfer, including natural genetic transfer between organisms as well as technological methods developed to manipulate genes. It describes how donor DNA can enter a recipient cell and recombine, producing genetically distinct offspring. Several gene transfer technologies are then outlined, including microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, and electroporation. The document explains the basic mechanisms and applications of each method while also noting their limitations for different purposes like gene therapy. In the conclusion, it emphasizes that gene transfer technologies now allow relatively easy and accurate introduction of genes into target cells to potentially cure diseases.
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Genetic transformation techniques
This document discusses various techniques for gene transformation, including biological, physical, and chemical methods. Biological methods use vectors like plasmids or viruses to transfer genes. The gene gun is described as a physical method that uses compressed gas to "shoot" gold or tungsten particles coated with DNA at high speeds into target cells. Calcium phosphate precipitation and liposomes are outlined as chemical methods that use calcium phosphate or lipid vesicles to transfer genes into cells. The document provides details on the procedures and components involved in gene gun transformation.
Modes of Gene Transfer
There are three main modes of gene transfer: transformation, transfection, and transduction. Transformation involves the natural uptake of foreign DNA by a cell. Transfection is the deliberate introduction of genetic material into animal cells. Transduction uses viruses to transfer genes between bacterial cells. It can occur through a lysogenic or lytic phase. Conjugation is also discussed, which involves the direct contact and temporary exchange of genetic material between two bacterial cells.
Dna transfer
This document discusses various methods of transfection, which is defined as the introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells. It describes transfection methods such as calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, retroviral transfection, and electroporation. It provides details on how each method works and compares their strengths and weaknesses. Common transfection methods like calcium phosphate and liposomes are simple but have low efficiency, while retroviral transfection can generate stable cell lines but has limitations on DNA size. Electroporation is fast and applicable to many cell types.
Gene transfer techniques
This document provides an introduction to gene transfer techniques. It discusses:
1. The process of gene transfer, which moves a specific piece of DNA into a cell, and genetic transformation, which is the stable integration and expression of a foreign gene into an organism's genome.
2. The two main methods of gene transfer - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment.
3. The steps involved in transformation which include identifying a desirable gene, designing the gene for insertion, inserting the gene into a target plant, and identifying transformed cells.
Gene transfer tech
Gene transfer techniques allow for the directed transfer of genes between organisms. There are two main methods - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer genes into plant cells, and direct methods like particle bombardment that directly shoot DNA into cells. The key steps are identifying a desirable gene, cloning it, inserting it into a plant cell, identifying transformed cells, and regenerating a full transgenic plant. This allows for improvements in traits like yield, herbicide and insect resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, but also raises some risks and concerns about impacts on human health and the environment. Further research is needed to develop genes conferring tolerance to multiple stresses and transfer them to a wide variety of crop varieties
Gene Transfer Methods
This document discusses various gene transfer methods. It defines gene transfer as the insertion of genetic material into a cell. There are natural methods like conjugation, transformation, and transduction that involve the transfer of genes between bacteria. There are also artificial physical, chemical, and electrical methods to transfer genes into cells, including microinjection, gene guns, calcium phosphate, liposomes, and electroporation. The document provides examples of how these various gene transfer methods can be used to insert genes into bacteria, plants, and animals.
Direct transformation in plants
Transformation is the process of altering an organism's genetic makeup by inserting new genes. It was first demonstrated in bacteria in 1928 and methods have since been developed for plants. There are both direct and indirect methods of plant transformation. Direct methods include particle bombardment/biolistics and electroporation, which introduce DNA by accelerating microprojectiles coated with DNA or using electric pulses. Indirect transformation uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA to plant cells. The goal is typically to improve crop yields, traits, or pest/weather resistance.
Vector less gene transfer
This document discusses various direct or vectorless gene transfer methods for introducing foreign DNA into plant cells without the use of Agrobacterium. These include chemical methods like PEG-mediated transformation, calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran, and liposome-mediated transformation. Physical methods include electroporation, microinjection, and gene guns. The procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of some key methods like PEG-mediated transformation, calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, microinjection, and fiber-mediated transformation are described in detail. Direct transformation through imbibition of dehydrated plant tissues is also mentioned.
Gene transfer by physical methods
Physical methods can be used to transfer genes into cells by transiently permeabilizing cell membranes. This allows naked DNA to enter cells. Key physical methods include electroporation, gene guns, ultrasound, and hydrodynamic delivery.
Electroporation uses short electrical pulses to create temporary pores in the cell membrane through which DNA can enter. Gene guns use compressed gas to accelerate DNA-coated gold or tungsten particles into cells. Ultrasound combines microbubbles and acoustic cavitation to permeabilize membranes for DNA uptake. Hydrodynamic delivery involves rapid injection of a large DNA solution volume to generate pressure forcing DNA into organ cells like hepatocytes. These methods show promise but also have limitations like tissue damage, shallow
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This document provides an overview of various gene transformation techniques, including both vector-mediated and direct methods. It discusses natural transformation mechanisms like conjugation and transduction, as well as artificial vector-mediated techniques like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Direct methods like microinjection, electroporation, particle bombardment, and chemical methods using PEG or calcium phosphate are also covered. The applications, advantages, and limitations of different techniques are summarized. Overall, the document serves as an informative introduction to the key gene transfer methods used in plant biotechnology.
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The document provides information about bacterial transformation. It describes that transformation is the process by which bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. Frederick Griffith first discovered transformation in 1928 while working with pneumococcus bacteria. His experiments showed that a non-virulent rough form could be transformed into a virulent smooth form by DNA from a heat-killed smooth strain. Later experiments by Avery, Macleod and McCarty demonstrated that DNA is the transforming principle and genetic material of bacteria. The document then discusses various methods of bacterial transformation including chemical and physical methods like electroporation and use of calcium chloride. It also explains the molecular mechanism of transformation involving DNA binding, penetration, synapsis formation and integration into the bacterial chromosome.
Gene transfer (2)
This document discusses various techniques for gene transfer, including natural methods like conjugation, transformation, and transduction, as well artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, and electroporation. It provides details on how each method works, such as how conjugation involves transfer of DNA between bacteria via sex pili, how transformation involves direct DNA uptake by competent bacteria, and how transduction involves transfer of DNA between bacteria via bacteriophages. The document also discusses Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and applications of gene transfer techniques.
Transfection in animal cells through chemical methods like Calcium phosphate ...
The document summarizes various methods for transfecting animal cells, including calcium phosphate coprecipitation, lipofection, electroporation, viral vectors, microinjection, and direct DNA transfer. It provides details on the mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages of each method. Calcium phosphate transfection involves precipitating DNA with calcium phosphate to facilitate cell binding and entry. Lipofection uses cationic lipids to form complexes with nucleic acids for cellular uptake. Electroporation exposes cells to electric pulses to temporarily destabilize membranes and allow DNA entry. Viral vectors are highly efficient but require biosafety precautions. Microinjection and gene guns directly inject or bombard DNA into cells.
Recombinant dna technology
Recombinant DNA technology involves manipulating DNA from different sources to produce novel DNA molecules. It has several key steps: isolating the desired DNA and vector, joining them using enzymes to create recombinant DNA, introducing this into a host cell, and selecting cells that express the gene. This technology has many applications including producing human insulin and growth hormones through bacteria, developing vaccines by cloning genes for antigens, and creating monoclonal antibodies. It allows mass production of important biological substances that were previously difficult to obtain.
Lecture 8 genetic engineering of animal cells
The document discusses methods for genetically engineering animal cells, including transferring genes into cells using viral or non-viral methods, and selecting and amplifying transfected cells. Common methods to introduce genes include calcium phosphate transfection, lipofection, electroporation, and viral transduction. Genetic markers like DHFR or antibiotic resistance genes allow selection of cells containing the introduced gene.
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DNA Transfection in Animal tissue culture and its methods.pptx
DNA Transfection in Animal tissue culture and its methods.pptx
Transfection in animal cells through chemical methods like Calcium phosphate ...
Transfection in animal cells through chemical methods like Calcium phosphate ...
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By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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Methods of gene transfer.
- 1. RVSKVV COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ,INDORE DEPT- GENETICS & PLANT BREEDING SUBJECT- Biotechnology for crop improvement. SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY- Dr.Kanak Saxena Charu Jamnotia
- 2. Gene transfer- Introduction Gene transfer is the mechanism by which DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient. Once donor DNA is inside the recipient, crossing over can occur. The result is a recombinant cell that has a genome different from either the donor or the recipient.
- 3. Artificial methods of DNA transfer- PHYSICAL METHODS- 1) Macroinjection 2) Microinjection 3) Protoplast fusion 4) Biolistics transformation
- 4. Chemical methods- 1. DNA transfer by Calcium Phosphate method. 2. Transfer of DNA by use of polyeythene glycol. 3. Use of DEAE- Dextran for DNA transfer. 4. Liposome mediated transfer.
- 5. Electrical methods- 1. Electroporation 2. Electrofusion
- 6. GENE TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES Gene transfer technology provides the ability to genetically manipulate the cells of higher animals. During the 1970s it became possible to introduce exogenous DNA constructs into higher eukaryotic cells in vitro. Mammalian transgenesis was first achieved in 1980s.
- 7. Microinjection - o DNA can be introduced into cells or protoplast with the help of very fine needles or glass micropipettes of diameter 0.5 to 10 µm.
- 8. Gene Gun - Simplest method of direct introduction of therapeutic DNA into target cells. Looks like a pistol but works like a shotgun Golden pellets. First discribed by John Sanford at Carnell University in 1987.
- 10. DNA become sticky adheres to biologically inert particles such as metal atoms (gold or tungustun) Accelerating this DNA particle complex in a particle vaccum and placing the target tissue within the accelerating path gathers the DNA. Cells that take up the desired DNA,identified through the use of a marker gene or then cultured to replicate the gene & possibly cloned.
- 11. Calcium Phosphate Method- o The process of transfection involves the admixture of isolated DNA (10-100 µg) with solution of calcium chloride and potassium phosphate under condition which allow the precipitate of calcium phosphate to be formed. o Cells are then incubated with precipitated DNA either in solution or in tissue culture dish. o A fraction of cells will take up the calcium phosphate DNA precipitate by endocytosis.
- 13. Polyethlene glycol mediated transfer- This method is utilised for protoplast only. Polyethylene glycol stimulates endocytosis and therefore DNA uptake occurs. Protoplast are kept in the solution contaning polyethylene glycol (PEG). After transfer of DNA to the protoplast in presence of PEG and other chemical, PEG is allowed to get removed.
- 15. Liposome mediated gene transfer- Liposomes are spheres of lipids which can be used to transport molecules into the cells. These are artificial vesicles that can act as delivery agents for exogenous materials including transgenes. Promote transport after fusing with the cell membrane. Cationic lipids are those having a positive charge are used for transfer of nucleic acid.
- 17. Electroporation- o It uses electrical pulse to produce transient pores in the plasma membrane thereby allowing macromolecules into the cells. o Microscopic pores are induced in biological membrane by the application of electric field. o These pores are known as electropores which allo molecules,ions & water to pass from one side of the membrane to another.