This document discusses various methods of transfection, which is defined as the introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells. It describes transfection methods such as calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, retroviral transfection, and electroporation. It provides details on how each method works and compares their strengths and weaknesses. Common transfection methods like calcium phosphate and liposomes are simple but have low efficiency, while retroviral transfection can generate stable cell lines but has limitations on DNA size. Electroporation is fast and applicable to many cell types.

1. ARIF
PHD Scholar

2.  What is Transfection?
 Transfection vs. Transformation
 Purpose of Transfection
 How it Works
 Experimental methods/processes of doing it.
 Strengths and weaknesses of each method

3.  Since the early 1980s, fruit flies, fish, sea urchins, frogs,
laboratory mice and farm animals, such as cows, pigs, and
sheep have been successfully produced.
 The ability to manipulate the genome of the whole animal and
the production of transgenic animals has influenced the
science dramatically in the last 15 years.
 The procedure for introducing exogenous donor DNA into a
recipient cell is called Transfection. ( Non-viral methods)
 Chromosomes are taken up inefficiently so that intact
chromosomes rarely survived the procedure. Instead the
recipient cell usually get a part of the DNA.

4. Transfection:
Introduction of foreign DNA into the nucleous of eukaryotic cells. Cells that have
incorporated the foreign DNA are called transfectants
Stable transfectants: Cells that have integrated foreign DNA in their genome
Transient transfectants: Foreign DNA does not integrate into the host genome but
genes are expressed for a limited period of time (24-96 hours)
Which one should you use?
Protofection is the transfection of foreign mitochondrial DNA into the mitochondria of
all cells in a tissue to supplement or replace the native mitochondrial DNA already
present.

9.  Transformation: genetically altering cells by changing
their growth characteristics from finite to infinite by
transporting in foreign genetic material.
 Transfection: the process of transporting genetic
material and/or macromolecules into eukaryotic cells
through typically non-viral methods.

10. DNA transfer by natural methods
1. Conjugation
2. Bacterial transformation
3. Agrobacterium mediated transfer
 Transduction
Viral vectors
 Bactofection: bacterial delivery systems

11. Physical methods
1. Microinjection
2. Macroinjection
3. Biolistics transformation
4. Protoplast fusion
Chemical methods
1. DNA transfer by calcium phosphate method
2. Liposome mediated transfer
3. Transfer of DNA by use of polyethene glycol
4. Use of DEAE-Dextran for DNA transfer
Electrical methods
1. Electroporation 2. Electrofusion

12. Bactofection: The technique using bacteria for the direct gene transfer
into the target organism, organ or tissue is called bactofection

16. Disadvantages of this method include:
 Low copy number integration.
 Additional steps required to produce retroviruses.
 Limitations on the size of the foreign DNA insert (usually 9 to
15 kb) transferred.
 Potential for undesired genetic recombination that may alter
the retrovirus.
 High frequency of mosaicism.
 Possible interference by integrated retroviral sequences in
transgene expression.
 Also the provirus attracts methylation which possibly in
conjugation with other mechanisms disables its expression
when it passes through the germ line.
16

17. This transfection method has been
verified
by Graham and Van in 1973.
Principle:
 DNA is mixed with calcium
chloride.
 Addition to buffered
saline/phosphate solution and
incubating at RT.
 Formation of DNA-calcium
phosphate co-precipitates which
adhere to surface of cells.
 Uptake presumably by endocytosis.

21.  Frequency is very low.
 Integrated genes undergo substantial modification.
 Many cells do not like having the solid precipitate
adhering to them and the surface of their culture
vessel.
 Due to above limitations transfection applied to
somatic gene therapy is limited.

22. Principle (liposome mediated gene transfer):
 A cationic lipid is mixed with a neutral lipid/helper
lipid (e.g. DOPE), unilamellar liposome vesicles are
formed carrying a net positive charge.
 Nucleic acids adsorb to these vesicles/packed
structure.
 Ionic absorption to the cellular membrane.
 Uptake presumably by endocytosis.
 Neutral »helper« lipids such as DOPE allow entrapped
DNA to escape the endosomes by fusion of the
lipsome with the membrane.

26. 1. Simplicity.
2. Long term stability.
3. Low toxicity.
4.Protection of nucleic acid from degradation.

27. 1. The ‘proton sponge’ phenomenon

28. Flip-flop mechanism

29.  It is an efficient process to transfer DNA into cells.
 Microscopic pores are induced in biological membrane by
the application of electric field. These pores are known as
electropores which allow the molecules, ions and water to
pass from one side of the membrane to another.
 Electroporation has been reported to enhance the level of
gene expression and significantly improve immune
responses elicited to DNA vaccines in both large and small
animals

32. 1. Method is fast.
2. Less costly.
3. Applied for a number of cell types.
4. Simultaneously a large number of cell can be treated.
5. High percentage of stable transformants can be produced.