Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 1.4
Strain Hardening:
Definition importance of strain hardening, Dislocation theory of strain hardening, Effect of strain hardening on engineering behaviour of materials, Recrystallization Annealing: stages of recrystallization annealing and factors affecting it
In these slides, an important mechanical property of Materials, that is HARDNESS, is discussed along with the different procedures which are used for determination of Hardness value of a certain material.
I hope, you'll find it helpful...!
This topic provides an understanding on the purposes of materials testing and deformities in certain materials. It also explains on the definition and principle on mechanical properties of materials, destructive and non-destructive tests.
The objective of this course is to provide a basic overview of failure analysis. It will include discussion of failure mechanisms, analytical techniques and case histories
• To provide you with a clear understanding of terms used so that you can ask the right questions and interpret common observations with ease
Types of failures
Failure modes
How to conduct failure analysis
Analyze data
Failure mechanism
Prevention of Failures
Failures examples
CrSi2 materialisoutstandingbecauseofitsthermoelectricpropertiesandalsobecauseofitsmany
optimizationroutes.Indeed,itsthermalconductivityatroomtemperatureisabout9Wm1 K1 with
a ZT of 0.25.Inthispaperweproposetodecreasethethermalconductivitybynanostructurationand
compensatetheelectronscatteringbyincreasingthechargecarrierconcentrationwithTi.Theprocess
which permittedtogetnanocrystalliteofabout14nmispresented.Aftercoldpressingandsintering
the averagecrystallitesizereaches50nmwithaporosityof70%.Nanostructuringandporositytoa
lesser extentleadtoastrongdecreaseofthethermalconductivityupto0.970.15Wm1 K1 for pure
CrSi2. Asignificantenhancementofthepowerfactorfrom1:25 mWcm1 K2 for purenano-CrSi2 to
2:5 mWcm1 K2 for nano-Cr0.90Ti0.10Si2 was obtained.Thestabilityofthedifferentphasesisalso
evaluatedbycomparingexperimentswithabinitiocalculations.
Freelance Day Pills - Il cliente ha sempre bisogno! - Paolo SponzaToolbox Coworking
Non chiederti quello che il cliente può fare per te, ma cosa tu puoi fare per il cliente. Si chiama Value Proposition Design e serve a ideare prodotti e servizi che aiutino i tuoi potenziali clienti.
Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 1.4
Strain Hardening:
Definition importance of strain hardening, Dislocation theory of strain hardening, Effect of strain hardening on engineering behaviour of materials, Recrystallization Annealing: stages of recrystallization annealing and factors affecting it
In these slides, an important mechanical property of Materials, that is HARDNESS, is discussed along with the different procedures which are used for determination of Hardness value of a certain material.
I hope, you'll find it helpful...!
This topic provides an understanding on the purposes of materials testing and deformities in certain materials. It also explains on the definition and principle on mechanical properties of materials, destructive and non-destructive tests.
The objective of this course is to provide a basic overview of failure analysis. It will include discussion of failure mechanisms, analytical techniques and case histories
• To provide you with a clear understanding of terms used so that you can ask the right questions and interpret common observations with ease
Types of failures
Failure modes
How to conduct failure analysis
Analyze data
Failure mechanism
Prevention of Failures
Failures examples
CrSi2 materialisoutstandingbecauseofitsthermoelectricpropertiesandalsobecauseofitsmany
optimizationroutes.Indeed,itsthermalconductivityatroomtemperatureisabout9Wm1 K1 with
a ZT of 0.25.Inthispaperweproposetodecreasethethermalconductivitybynanostructurationand
compensatetheelectronscatteringbyincreasingthechargecarrierconcentrationwithTi.Theprocess
which permittedtogetnanocrystalliteofabout14nmispresented.Aftercoldpressingandsintering
the averagecrystallitesizereaches50nmwithaporosityof70%.Nanostructuringandporositytoa
lesser extentleadtoastrongdecreaseofthethermalconductivityupto0.970.15Wm1 K1 for pure
CrSi2. Asignificantenhancementofthepowerfactorfrom1:25 mWcm1 K2 for purenano-CrSi2 to
2:5 mWcm1 K2 for nano-Cr0.90Ti0.10Si2 was obtained.Thestabilityofthedifferentphasesisalso
evaluatedbycomparingexperimentswithabinitiocalculations.
Freelance Day Pills - Il cliente ha sempre bisogno! - Paolo SponzaToolbox Coworking
Non chiederti quello che il cliente può fare per te, ma cosa tu puoi fare per il cliente. Si chiama Value Proposition Design e serve a ideare prodotti e servizi che aiutino i tuoi potenziali clienti.
Consumption Pattern and Promotion of Green Leafy Vegetables’ Intake among Ado...paperpublications3
Abstract: The growth and prosperity of a nation depend heavily on the nutritional status and development of the adolescent girls because as future mothers they have an important role in shaping the nation builders of tomorrow [1]. Adolescents in India suffer from gross nutritional inadequacies. Socio-economic status, food habits and environment affect their nutritional status to a great extent. Any nutritional deprivation during this period compromises their growth and intellectual potential. [2]. The global prevalence of micronutrient deficiency which is often referred as “Hidden hunger” is estimated to be about two billion and most of the afflicted people are in the developing countries. The most viable manifestation of the nutritional deficiency is the high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. [3]. Studies have indicated that diets of Indian adolescent girls are inadequate in terms of quality and quantity. Their iron and calcium intakes are less than 70 percent of the RDA because their diets are grossly deficient in green leafy vegetables and it is available and eaten only as a side dish and that too in limited quantities. [1]. In this scenario there is an urgent need to promote awareness on green leafy vegetables and enhance their intake to mitigate anemia prevalence and its consequences. Hence the present study “Consumption pattern and promotion of green leafy vegetables’ intake among adolescent girls of Valparai hills” was taken up To assess the awareness of adolescents on green leafy vegetables’ nutritional value, to quantify the green leafy vegetables’ intake among adolescent girls and to impart nutrition education with special reference to green leafy vegetables.
Freelance Day Pills - Empathy Map: e se il cliente fossi tu? - Francesca Vanz...Toolbox Coworking
Cosa c’è dietro comportamenti, atteggiamenti e scelte dei tuoi clienti che a volte possono sembrare irrazionali? L’Empathy Map è uno strumento di business che aiuta a metterti nei loro panni per capire davvero cosa stanno cercando e di cosa hanno bisogno.
Length Frequency Distribution, Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Facto...paperpublications3
Abstract: Length –Frequency Distribution, Length – Weight relationship and condition factor of Pomadasys jubelini from the Lagos lagoon were investigated for 6months in order to study the growth pattern and wellbeing of P.jubelini. A total of 305 specimens of P.jubelini were purchased from local fisher-folks on landing sites at different locations within the Lagos lagoon ( Majidun, Makoko, Ibese, Bayeiku) from January 2012 to June 2012 and used for this study. Their Total length ranging from 12cm to 29.5cm and body weight ranged from 21.3g to 367g. The frequency distribution showed a polymodal distribution of P.jubelini. The size class of 18.0cm to 20.9cm (TL) was more abundant. The length weight relationship was determined by regression coefficient equation Log W= -1.8357+2.9628LogL (n =305, r = 0.9213). P.jubelini showed negative allometric growth (b= 2.96). The mean condition factor 1.31, indicates that P.jubelini were in good condition in the lagoon. The result from this study is relevant for fishery management and stock assessment studies of P.jubelini from the Lagos lagoon.
Solidification and microstructure of metals/certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
ALL ABOUT AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS MATERIAL .IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS. AND ALSO THE PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS.
Lectio Praecursoria I gaved during my public defense of my Doctoral thesis.
You can access the full-text of my thesis via: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316084414_Application_Oriented_Wear_Testing_of_Wear_Resistant_Steels_in_Mining_Industry
Impact Testing of metals is performed to determine the impact resistance or toughness of materials by calculating the amount of energy absorbed during fracture. The impact test is performed at various temperatures to uncover any effects on impact energy. These services provide test results that can be very useful in assessing the suitability of a material for a specific application and in predicting its expected service life.
Mechanisms of plastic deformation, dislocation, slip and twinning – Types of fracture – Testing of materials under tension, compression and shear loads – Hardness tests: Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell – Impact test: Izod and Charpy, fatigue and creep test.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
4. www.metzlab.org
Common methods used in Destructive
Examination
• Tensile testing
• Impact testing
• Bend testing
• Hardness testing
• Chemical analysis
• Metallography
• Peel testing
• Spark testing
5. www.metzlab.org
Tensile Strength Testing
• “Tensile” is a test in which a prepared sample
is pulled until the sample breaks.
• Test Measurements are recorded in PSI (Pounds
per Square Inch) E7018 = 70,000 PSI Tensile
• Test samples called “Tensile Bolts” can reveal a
welds Tensile strength, Elastic limit, Yield
point, and Ductility.
6. www.metzlab.org
Tensile Strength Testing
• The Elastic Limit of metal is the stress (load) it
can withstand and still return to the original
length after the load is released.
• Yield Strength occurs when the test sample
stretches however will not return to its
original length.
• Ductility is the ability of a metal to stretch or
elongate before it breaks.
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Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test
Elastic limit
Tensile strength, Necking
Poisson’s ratio
Modulus of resilience (Er)
Tensile toughness
Ductility
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(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 6.11 (a) Determining the 0.2% offset yield strength in gray cast ion, and (b)
upper and lower yield point behavior in a low-carbon steel
9. www.metzlab.org
9
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 6.12 Localized deformation of a ductile material during a tensile test
produces a necked region. The micrograph shows necked region in a
fractured sample
12. www.metzlab.org
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Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior
Impact test - Measures the ability of a material to absorb the sudden
application of a load without breaking.
Impact energy - The energy required to fracture a standard specimen
when the load is applied suddenly.
Impact toughness - Energy absorbed by a material, usually notched,
during fracture, under the conditions of impact test.
Fracture toughness - The resistance of a material to failure in the
presence of a flaw.
13. www.metzlab.org
13
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The impact test: (a) The Charpy and Izod tests, and (b) dimensions of typical
specimens
14. www.metzlab.org
Impact Testing
• An Impact tester uses a heavy pendulum that
is able to measure the amount of force
required to shear or fracture a test sample
taken from welds “Heat Affected Zone” (HAZ)
• Impact testing may be performed using either
the Izod or Charpy method. (Both methods are
similar)
15. www.metzlab.org
Impact Testing
• A Charpy or Izod test measures the welds
ability to withstand an Impact force.
• Low Charpy test readings indicate brittle weld
metal
• Higher Charpy readings indicate the samples
toughness.
16. www.metzlab.org
Bend Testing
• Bend test samples are referred to as
“Test Coupons”
• The most common bend tests are
– Guided face and root bend testing
– Guided side bend testing
– Longitudinal root and side bend testing
– Fillet weld bend testing
– Unguided bend testing
26. www.metzlab.org
Hardness testing
• Hardness may be defined as the
resistance to permanent indentation.
• Three common hardness measuring
tests are
– Rockwell test
– Scleroscope test
– Brinell
– Microhardness test
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Hardness of Materials
Hardness test - Measures the resistance of a material to penetration
by a sharp object.
Macrohardness - Overall bulk hardness of materials measured using
loads >2 N.
Microhardness Hardness of materials typically measured using loads
less than 2 N using such test as Knoop (HK).
Nano-hardness - Hardness of materials measured at 1–10 nm length
scale using extremely small (~100 µN) forces.
28. www.metzlab.org
28
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under
license.
Figure 6.23 Indentors for the Brinell and Rockwell hardness tests
29. www.metzlab.org
Hardness testing
• The Rockwell testing machine operates
somewhat like a press, using a indenter to
penetrate the surface of the test sample.
• The depth of the indentation determines
the materials hardness on a scale of 0-100
30. www.metzlab.org
Hardness testing
• The Sceleroscpoe testing machine measures
the amount “bounce” that a diamond tip
hammer rebounds off the test sample after
being dropped.
• The Brinell method presses the “indenter”
into a sample for a given period of time.
• The ability for the sample to resist
indentation determines hardness.
31. www.metzlab.org
Hardness testing
• Microhardness testers allow you to
measure a materials hardness while leaving
the least amount of damage possible on
the metals surface.
• After the indenter is used a powerful
microscope is used to determine the the
amount of indentation into the
components surface.
33. www.metzlab.org
Chemical Analysis
• Chemical analysis is used in metallurgical
laboratories to determine the metals grain
and crystalline structures.
• Samples are then place under a high power
microscope to view the results.
• This is referred to as “Metalography”
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Objective
• To prepare the specimens surfaces to be examined
for their microstructure study by the microscope .
• To learn and to gain experience in the preparation of
metallographic specimens.
35
36. www.metzlab.org
Introduction
• Metallography is basically the study of the structures and
constitution of metals and alloys, using metallurgical
microscopes and magnifications, so that the physical and
mechanical properties of an alloy can be related to its
observed microstructure.
• It provides information about the specimen under
investigation, including the size and shape of the grains
(crystallites), the presence of micro defects (such as
segregation, hair cracks, and nonmetallic inclusions), and
the nature and distribution of secondary phases.
36
38. www.metzlab.org
• Soft non-ferrous metals - Initial grinding is recommended with 320 grit SiC
• abrasive paper followed by 320 400, 600 and , 800 grit SiC paper. because
These materials are relatively soft they do not easily break down the SiC
paper.
• The initial grinding with 320 grit is generally sufficient for minimizing initial
deformation and yet maintaining adequate removal rates.
•
• For extremely soft materials such as tin, lead and zinc it is also
recommended that the abrasive paper be lightly coated with a paraffin wax.
The wax reduces
• the tendency of the SiC abrasive to embed into the soft specimen.
Grinding Soft non-ferrous metals
39. www.metzlab.org
• Ferrous metals - are relatively easy to grind with the depth of
deformation being a major consideration.
120 grit SiC abrasives provide a good initial start with subsequent use
of 240 or 320, 400, 600 and 800 grit SiC.
• Super alloys - are generally of moderate hardness but have extremely
stable elevated temperature characteristics and corrosion resistance.
• the procedures for preparing super alloys is very similar to that for
most non-ferrous metals.
Grinding Ferrous metals
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• Polishing is the process of creating a smooth
and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a
chemical action, leaving a surface with a
significant reflection
• Aluminum Oxide(0.5, 0.1, 0.05μ)
Polishing
42. www.metzlab.org
Grain
• The micro structure of many metallic or ceramic materials consists of many grains.
• A grain
• is portion of the materials within which the arrangement of the atoms is nearly
identical but the orientation or crystal structure of atoms
are different.
42
43. www.metzlab.org
Etching:
Sample
material
Etchant Composition Remarks
Carbon steel (usually 2%)
(nitric acid)
HNO3 1-5 ml
Ethyl alcohol 100ml
Few seconds (15
Sec)
Carbon steel Picric Acid Picric acid 4g
Ethyl alcohol 100ml
Few seconds (15
Sec)
Aluminum Hydrofluoric acid HF (conc.) 0.5ml
H2O 99.5ml
Swab for 15 sec.
43
44. www.metzlab.org
Hydrostatic Testing to Destruction
• Pressure testing or leak testing can be
performed with either gasses or liquids.
• When this pressure exceeds the limitations of
the structures design it will rupture under
force.
• This rupture will allow engineers to
understand the welds weakest areas.
45. www.metzlab.org
Peel testing
• Lap joints may be tested to destruction using a
Peel test.
• Peel testing is most commonly used to check
the strength of resistance spot welds or stud
weld
• Spot weld peel tests are considered successful
when the spot weld nugget is torn out of the
test sample pieces in tact.
46. www.metzlab.org
Spark Testing
• The shape and
characteristic of
sparks created when
metal is ground will
help determine its
properties.
• IE: carbon steel ,
mild steel.