This presentation gives an overview of the two main approaches to processing copper ore into a refined product: the pyrometallurgical approach (copper concentrates), and the hydrometallurgical approach (SX-EW). Process flow diagrams and key equipment are also highlighted.
Roasting is a process that converts an ore or concentrate into another chemical form through heating. There are several types of roasting including oxidizing, volatilizing, chloridizing, sulphatizing, and reduction roasting. Factors that affect roasting include time, temperature, oxygen availability, and physical conditions. Multiple hearth and fluidized bed roasting are common techniques. Multiple hearth roasting involves slowly moving ore through stacked circular hearths, while fluidized bed roasting suspends finely ground ore in an upward gas stream.
Zinc occurs naturally as sulfide and carbonate ores. It is extracted through crushing, concentration, roasting, and reduction processes. The concentrated ore is roasted in air to convert zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is then mixed with coke and heated in a vertical retort furnace to produce zinc vapors, which condense to produce molten zinc. The molten zinc is further purified through electrolysis to produce high purity zinc. Zinc is a bluish-white metal with a melting point of 420°C. It is used for galvanization of iron and in making alloys like brass and German silver.
This document discusses the extractive metallurgy process for lead. It describes lead properties, history of lead use, health effects, lead ores and locations, ore dressing, size reduction, roasting, smelting, refining including the Parkes and Betts processes, and lead products and byproducts. The overall process involves extracting lead from its ore, reducing and refining it to remove impurities and produce a high purity lead product.
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The document discusses extractive metallurgy processes for zinc extraction. It describes the major zinc ores and details several pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical extraction processes. The key processes are roasting to produce zinc oxide from zinc sulfide ores, followed by leaching and electrolysis to recover zinc. Approximately 80% of zinc is produced via hydrometallurgical routes like roast-leach-electrowinning.
Lead is a soft, dense metal commonly used in batteries, paints, and other products. It is extracted from galena ore through processes like concentration, flotation, roasting, sintering, and smelting to produce molten lead bullion. Further refining removes impurities through processes like drossing and the Parkes process to produce 99-99.999% pure lead, which is then cast into blocks. Byproducts include sulfuric acid, slag, and air pollution, which require proper handling and disposal to prevent environmental contamination.
Fuels & fueling methods used in the blast furnaceAbhijeet Singh
1. The document discusses various fuels used in blast furnaces for the production of pig iron, including metallurgical coke, natural gas, coke oven gas, and liquid oil-coal slurries.
2. Metallurgical coke is the primary fuel as it provides both heat as a reductant and carbon monoxide for the reduction of iron oxides. Physical and chemical properties of coke that impact blast furnace operations are described.
3. Alternate solid and liquid/gaseous fuels that can be used include briquetted form coke, fuel oils, natural gas, and coke oven gas injected through pipes in the stack region. The use of these alternate fuels
This presentation gives an overview of the two main approaches to processing copper ore into a refined product: the pyrometallurgical approach (copper concentrates), and the hydrometallurgical approach (SX-EW). Process flow diagrams and key equipment are also highlighted.
Roasting is a process that converts an ore or concentrate into another chemical form through heating. There are several types of roasting including oxidizing, volatilizing, chloridizing, sulphatizing, and reduction roasting. Factors that affect roasting include time, temperature, oxygen availability, and physical conditions. Multiple hearth and fluidized bed roasting are common techniques. Multiple hearth roasting involves slowly moving ore through stacked circular hearths, while fluidized bed roasting suspends finely ground ore in an upward gas stream.
Zinc occurs naturally as sulfide and carbonate ores. It is extracted through crushing, concentration, roasting, and reduction processes. The concentrated ore is roasted in air to convert zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is then mixed with coke and heated in a vertical retort furnace to produce zinc vapors, which condense to produce molten zinc. The molten zinc is further purified through electrolysis to produce high purity zinc. Zinc is a bluish-white metal with a melting point of 420°C. It is used for galvanization of iron and in making alloys like brass and German silver.
This document discusses the extractive metallurgy process for lead. It describes lead properties, history of lead use, health effects, lead ores and locations, ore dressing, size reduction, roasting, smelting, refining including the Parkes and Betts processes, and lead products and byproducts. The overall process involves extracting lead from its ore, reducing and refining it to remove impurities and produce a high purity lead product.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The document discusses extractive metallurgy processes for zinc extraction. It describes the major zinc ores and details several pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical extraction processes. The key processes are roasting to produce zinc oxide from zinc sulfide ores, followed by leaching and electrolysis to recover zinc. Approximately 80% of zinc is produced via hydrometallurgical routes like roast-leach-electrowinning.
Lead is a soft, dense metal commonly used in batteries, paints, and other products. It is extracted from galena ore through processes like concentration, flotation, roasting, sintering, and smelting to produce molten lead bullion. Further refining removes impurities through processes like drossing and the Parkes process to produce 99-99.999% pure lead, which is then cast into blocks. Byproducts include sulfuric acid, slag, and air pollution, which require proper handling and disposal to prevent environmental contamination.
Fuels & fueling methods used in the blast furnaceAbhijeet Singh
1. The document discusses various fuels used in blast furnaces for the production of pig iron, including metallurgical coke, natural gas, coke oven gas, and liquid oil-coal slurries.
2. Metallurgical coke is the primary fuel as it provides both heat as a reductant and carbon monoxide for the reduction of iron oxides. Physical and chemical properties of coke that impact blast furnace operations are described.
3. Alternate solid and liquid/gaseous fuels that can be used include briquetted form coke, fuel oils, natural gas, and coke oven gas injected through pipes in the stack region. The use of these alternate fuels
Copper is extracted from its sulfide ores through a process of concentration, roasting, smelting, bessemerization, and electrolytic refining. Concentration uses froth flotation to separate copper minerals from waste gangue. Roasting converts the sulfides to oxides and removes impurities like arsenic and antimony. Smelting reduces the oxides to matte containing copper sulfide. Bessemerization converts the matte to blister copper by blowing air through it. Electrolytic refining produces 99.9% pure copper by dissolving the anodes and electrodepositing copper on the cathodes, leaving impurities behind.
Electric arc furnaces and vacuum arc remelting furnaces are used to melt and refine special alloy metals and superalloys. Secondary melting processes like electro slag remelting and vacuum arc remelting are used to produce cleaner alloys with less gas and improved properties. Forgings and rolling are further metal forming processes used to produce parts for applications like aerospace, defense, and automotive. Wire drawing is also used to produce flexible metal wires.
A presentation of summer internship in rourkela steel plantEnigmatic Deepak
Rourkela Steel Plant was India's first integrated steel plant established in 1959. It produces various steel products like plates, coils, sheets, pipes and more using raw materials like iron ore, coal, limestone. The plant employs modern steelmaking processes like basic oxygen furnace production and continuous casting. It has a production capacity of over 13 lakh tonnes annually. Secondary steelmaking processes are used for refining and adjusting steel composition for specialized applications. The plant facilities include mixers, converters, ladle furnaces, casters and slab yards to produce and process steel from raw materials to final products.
This document discusses different types of fluxes used in aluminum casting processes. It describes fluxes as mixtures that facilitate removing impurities from molten aluminum alloys. The main types are covering fluxes to prevent oxidation, cleaning fluxes to remove oxides, drossing fluxes to promote separating trapped aluminum from dross, and degassing fluxes containing chlorine and fluorine salts to remove hydrogen by forming gas bubbles. Each flux is designed for a specific purpose based on its chemical composition and reactions with impurities in the molten alloy.
The document provides information about the steel melting shop (SMS) at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) Raigarh plant. The key points are:
1. The SMS has a capacity of 3.2 million tonnes per year and includes 3 electric arc furnaces, a ladle refining furnace, and vacuum degassing units.
2. The melting process involves charging raw materials into the electric arc furnaces and applying electrical energy to melt them. Secondary refining then occurs in the ladle refining furnace and vacuum degassing units.
3. Final products are continuously cast into blooms, billets, rounds and other sections using various casters like the
The document is a presentation about a steel melting shop located in Bokaro Steel City, India. It provides background on the shop, including that it was established in 1964 and has an annual production capacity of 645,000 tons. It then gives an overview of the global steel industry rankings, with China as the top producer. The presentation goes on to describe the basic steelmaking process, from blast furnaces to convertors to continuous casting, and discusses the role of the steel melting shop within the overall steel production process.
This document summarizes key design features of rotary cement kilns. It describes how the kiln shell is constructed from mild steel plates and discusses the evolution from riveted to welded construction. It also covers refractory linings, which protect the shell from high temperatures. Refractory types have included firebrick, higher alumina bricks, and basic bricks containing dolomite or magnesite. The document also briefly discusses tyres and rollers, which support the kiln and allow rotation, as well as distortions and forces acting on the rotating kiln shell.
Patent for Production of Ultra Low Phos Ferro Chrome1PRABHASH GOKARN
The invention provides a process for producing ultra low phosphorus ferro chrome with a phosphorus content ranging from 0.015% to 0.020% maximum. This is achieved by varying the raw material blend charged into the furnace, reducing the quantity of friable chrome ore briquettes while increasing friable lumps and lumpy ore. Additionally, phosphorus input is reduced through the use of lime, molasses, and low phosphorus reductants. This results in less total phosphorus entering the furnace. The ultra low phosphorus ferro chrome developed is intended for supplying high end alloy steels such as line pipe and razor blade steel.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
Its about the basics of the spring being used in our daily life. Their production, their application usage, covering the major topics in form of bullets. Hope you like it. Comment about it without any hesitation.
Thank you.
New technological breakthroughs have made copper die-casting for rotor production economically viable by overcoming issues like copper's high melting point. This has stimulated market growth for copper rotors, which are now used in over 2 million motors worldwide. Copper rotors provide benefits like higher efficiency, extended motor life, and potential for smaller size. They also allow for easier recycling due to copper's high value, providing both economic and environmental benefits.
10 cylinder liners and piston ring manufacturingshaikusmanshag
The cylinder liner is cast separately from the cylinder block and can be made of a different, more durable material like a nodular cast iron alloyed with chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum. While the cylinder block is made of grey cast iron, the liner wears with use and may need replacement, unlike the cylinder jacket that lasts the life of the engine. Piston rings are split rings that fit into grooves on the outer diameter of engine pistons to seal the combustion chamber.
Guide to Aluminium Casting Alloys by AlerisHobby Foundry
This document provides information about aluminium casting alloys from Aleris Recycling, including an introduction to the company, details on quality management and environmental protection, and an overview of the alloy selection process. Aleris Recycling produces over 250 casting and wrought alloys from recycled aluminium scrap and dross using modern processing facilities. The alloys can be supplied as ingots or liquid metal. Customers are supplied based on their requirements for properties and applications across various industries.
Steel ,Stainless Steel & Effect of alloying additions on steelNavin Yadav
Manganese, silicon, and chromium are common alloying additions to steel that each provide benefits. Manganese slightly increases strength and hardness while decreasing the critical quenching speed, allowing steel to be quenched in oil. Silicon is used as a deoxidizer and also increases strength and hardness. Chromium increases hardness penetration and, at 5% or more used with manganese, allows steel to be air hardening. It also increases toughness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, with 14% chromium or more resulting in stainless steel.
this presentation takes about
1- Presence of aluminum , importance and Applications
2- Forging operation , importance and answering the question why forging parts have high strength
3- its Main topic Connecting rod working principle , Stresses applied on it
4- Material which connecting rod made from , chemical composition and discussing the effect of alloying elements
5- Explaining the manufacturing operation, working tempertaure and Strengthening mechanism happens during forging process
6- Die which used in forging operation and requirements which must be in the die
7- chemical composition of selected die and effects of some alloying elements in it
This seminar report discusses shell molding, also known as shell mold casting. Some key points:
1) Shell molding uses a resin-covered sand to form molds for casting small to medium metal parts, providing better dimensional accuracy and productivity than sand casting.
2) The process involves creating a pattern, applying a heated sand-resin mixture to form a shell around the pattern, curing the shell, assembling two shell halves, and pouring molten metal to form the casting.
3) Shell molding allows casting of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals for parts requiring precision, such as gear housings and cylinder heads.
4) The sand used is finer
Studies on aluminium silicon eutectic alloy casting and design approach of it...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on casting and gating system design of an aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy (LM-6 alloy). It aims to improve the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy through modification treatment, grain refinement, and degassing. The study involves casting test bars of LM-6 alloy both with and without modification to compare their tensile strength, hardness, and elongation. It also covers the design of gating systems and risers for castings using modulus method and developing flowcharts for computer programming of the casting design. Experimental results show that modification treatment improves the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy.
Copper is extracted from its sulfide ores through a process of concentration, roasting, smelting, bessemerization, and electrolytic refining. Concentration uses froth flotation to separate copper minerals from waste gangue. Roasting converts the sulfides to oxides and removes impurities like arsenic and antimony. Smelting reduces the oxides to matte containing copper sulfide. Bessemerization converts the matte to blister copper by blowing air through it. Electrolytic refining produces 99.9% pure copper by dissolving the anodes and electrodepositing copper on the cathodes, leaving impurities behind.
Electric arc furnaces and vacuum arc remelting furnaces are used to melt and refine special alloy metals and superalloys. Secondary melting processes like electro slag remelting and vacuum arc remelting are used to produce cleaner alloys with less gas and improved properties. Forgings and rolling are further metal forming processes used to produce parts for applications like aerospace, defense, and automotive. Wire drawing is also used to produce flexible metal wires.
A presentation of summer internship in rourkela steel plantEnigmatic Deepak
Rourkela Steel Plant was India's first integrated steel plant established in 1959. It produces various steel products like plates, coils, sheets, pipes and more using raw materials like iron ore, coal, limestone. The plant employs modern steelmaking processes like basic oxygen furnace production and continuous casting. It has a production capacity of over 13 lakh tonnes annually. Secondary steelmaking processes are used for refining and adjusting steel composition for specialized applications. The plant facilities include mixers, converters, ladle furnaces, casters and slab yards to produce and process steel from raw materials to final products.
This document discusses different types of fluxes used in aluminum casting processes. It describes fluxes as mixtures that facilitate removing impurities from molten aluminum alloys. The main types are covering fluxes to prevent oxidation, cleaning fluxes to remove oxides, drossing fluxes to promote separating trapped aluminum from dross, and degassing fluxes containing chlorine and fluorine salts to remove hydrogen by forming gas bubbles. Each flux is designed for a specific purpose based on its chemical composition and reactions with impurities in the molten alloy.
The document provides information about the steel melting shop (SMS) at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) Raigarh plant. The key points are:
1. The SMS has a capacity of 3.2 million tonnes per year and includes 3 electric arc furnaces, a ladle refining furnace, and vacuum degassing units.
2. The melting process involves charging raw materials into the electric arc furnaces and applying electrical energy to melt them. Secondary refining then occurs in the ladle refining furnace and vacuum degassing units.
3. Final products are continuously cast into blooms, billets, rounds and other sections using various casters like the
The document is a presentation about a steel melting shop located in Bokaro Steel City, India. It provides background on the shop, including that it was established in 1964 and has an annual production capacity of 645,000 tons. It then gives an overview of the global steel industry rankings, with China as the top producer. The presentation goes on to describe the basic steelmaking process, from blast furnaces to convertors to continuous casting, and discusses the role of the steel melting shop within the overall steel production process.
This document summarizes key design features of rotary cement kilns. It describes how the kiln shell is constructed from mild steel plates and discusses the evolution from riveted to welded construction. It also covers refractory linings, which protect the shell from high temperatures. Refractory types have included firebrick, higher alumina bricks, and basic bricks containing dolomite or magnesite. The document also briefly discusses tyres and rollers, which support the kiln and allow rotation, as well as distortions and forces acting on the rotating kiln shell.
Patent for Production of Ultra Low Phos Ferro Chrome1PRABHASH GOKARN
The invention provides a process for producing ultra low phosphorus ferro chrome with a phosphorus content ranging from 0.015% to 0.020% maximum. This is achieved by varying the raw material blend charged into the furnace, reducing the quantity of friable chrome ore briquettes while increasing friable lumps and lumpy ore. Additionally, phosphorus input is reduced through the use of lime, molasses, and low phosphorus reductants. This results in less total phosphorus entering the furnace. The ultra low phosphorus ferro chrome developed is intended for supplying high end alloy steels such as line pipe and razor blade steel.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
Its about the basics of the spring being used in our daily life. Their production, their application usage, covering the major topics in form of bullets. Hope you like it. Comment about it without any hesitation.
Thank you.
New technological breakthroughs have made copper die-casting for rotor production economically viable by overcoming issues like copper's high melting point. This has stimulated market growth for copper rotors, which are now used in over 2 million motors worldwide. Copper rotors provide benefits like higher efficiency, extended motor life, and potential for smaller size. They also allow for easier recycling due to copper's high value, providing both economic and environmental benefits.
10 cylinder liners and piston ring manufacturingshaikusmanshag
The cylinder liner is cast separately from the cylinder block and can be made of a different, more durable material like a nodular cast iron alloyed with chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum. While the cylinder block is made of grey cast iron, the liner wears with use and may need replacement, unlike the cylinder jacket that lasts the life of the engine. Piston rings are split rings that fit into grooves on the outer diameter of engine pistons to seal the combustion chamber.
Guide to Aluminium Casting Alloys by AlerisHobby Foundry
This document provides information about aluminium casting alloys from Aleris Recycling, including an introduction to the company, details on quality management and environmental protection, and an overview of the alloy selection process. Aleris Recycling produces over 250 casting and wrought alloys from recycled aluminium scrap and dross using modern processing facilities. The alloys can be supplied as ingots or liquid metal. Customers are supplied based on their requirements for properties and applications across various industries.
Steel ,Stainless Steel & Effect of alloying additions on steelNavin Yadav
Manganese, silicon, and chromium are common alloying additions to steel that each provide benefits. Manganese slightly increases strength and hardness while decreasing the critical quenching speed, allowing steel to be quenched in oil. Silicon is used as a deoxidizer and also increases strength and hardness. Chromium increases hardness penetration and, at 5% or more used with manganese, allows steel to be air hardening. It also increases toughness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, with 14% chromium or more resulting in stainless steel.
this presentation takes about
1- Presence of aluminum , importance and Applications
2- Forging operation , importance and answering the question why forging parts have high strength
3- its Main topic Connecting rod working principle , Stresses applied on it
4- Material which connecting rod made from , chemical composition and discussing the effect of alloying elements
5- Explaining the manufacturing operation, working tempertaure and Strengthening mechanism happens during forging process
6- Die which used in forging operation and requirements which must be in the die
7- chemical composition of selected die and effects of some alloying elements in it
This seminar report discusses shell molding, also known as shell mold casting. Some key points:
1) Shell molding uses a resin-covered sand to form molds for casting small to medium metal parts, providing better dimensional accuracy and productivity than sand casting.
2) The process involves creating a pattern, applying a heated sand-resin mixture to form a shell around the pattern, curing the shell, assembling two shell halves, and pouring molten metal to form the casting.
3) Shell molding allows casting of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals for parts requiring precision, such as gear housings and cylinder heads.
4) The sand used is finer
Studies on aluminium silicon eutectic alloy casting and design approach of it...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on casting and gating system design of an aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy (LM-6 alloy). It aims to improve the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy through modification treatment, grain refinement, and degassing. The study involves casting test bars of LM-6 alloy both with and without modification to compare their tensile strength, hardness, and elongation. It also covers the design of gating systems and risers for castings using modulus method and developing flowcharts for computer programming of the casting design. Experimental results show that modification treatment improves the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy.
Powder metallurgy is a process that makes materials or components from metal powders rather than melting metals. It involves blending metal powders, compacting them into shapes, and sintering them by heating below the melting point to fuse the particles together. This allows for mass production of parts with complex shapes that would be difficult to make through other methods. An example of a material commonly made through powder metallurgy is tungsten carbide, which is used to cut other metals.
The Ausmelt TSL Process is an efficient pyrometallurgical process for treating various feed materials like copper, nickel, and lead concentrates. It involves directly injecting air, oxygen, and fuel into a molten slag bath via a submerged lance. This results in high smelting rates and flexibility to process different materials. The process produces a non-toxic slag and has lower emissions and energy requirements than alternatives. It can also treat waste materials and is well-suited for new and existing smelting plants.
The document discusses equipment and technologies for mineral processing, including crushing, grinding, classification and centrifugal equipment. It summarizes several key points:
1) The company produces equipment for crushing, grinding, classification and other mineral processing operations to beneficiate auriferous ores and increase metal recovery for gold, copper, and other metals.
2) Technologies discussed include centrifugal-impact crushing and grinding complexes, classification, heap leaching, flotation, and bioleaching which can increase gold and metal recovery from 17-22% compared to other methods.
3) Case studies show the company's equipment improving operations at mines in Russia and other countries by reducing energy use, increasing throughput and improving concentrate grades
Thermal fragmentation is an innovative mining method that is more efficient, productive, and environmentally friendly compared to conventional drilling and blasting. It can extract narrow ore bodies profitably by greatly reducing dilution. This precision mining method is fully mechanized, extends mine life, improves safety, and lowers costs by reducing waste. It has the potential to help mining companies remain profitable by accessing reserves that conventional methods cannot.
NALCO is Asia's largest integrated aluminium producer, operating bauxite mines, alumina refineries, aluminium smelters, and casting facilities in Odisha, India. It produces aluminium metal, ingots, billets, wire rods, and alloy products. The company's operations are divided into three major areas: carbon area for anode production, potline area for electrolysis, and casting area for final product shaping. NALCO sources bauxite from open-cast mines and produces alumina at a refinery before smelting aluminium in large pots at its smelter facility.
Productivity improvement of castings, switching to shell mould process from g...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study comparing the green sand mould casting process to the shell mould casting process. Some key findings include:
- Yield increased from 65% to 78% by switching from green sand to shell moulds due to less wastage of metal.
- Productivity increased from 30kg to 72kg per person per day and monthly delivery capacity increased from 400-700 pieces per month.
- Machining time for castings was reduced from 45 minutes to 37 minutes per piece using shell moulds due to less machining allowance needed.
- Rejection rates decreased from 8% to 3.5% by switching to shell moulds which produce castings with fewer defects.
This document summarizes a study comparing the green sand mould casting process to the shell mould casting process. Some key findings of switching from green sand to shell mould include:
- Yield increased from 65% to 78% due to less wastage in the shell mould process.
- Productivity more than doubled from 30kg to 72kg per person per day.
- Rejection rates decreased substantially from 8% to 3.5% due to fewer defects from the shell mould process.
- Sand usage was reduced by 9% from a sand to metal ratio of 1:14 to 1:5.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the industrial training report:
The report describes Akbar's 4 week industrial training at the foundry shop of Indo Farm Equipment Limited in Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. The training involved learning the various processes used in the foundry shop such as core making, mold making, melting metals, and finishing casted parts. Akbar gained hands-on experience working in the core shop and observing the other processes like molding, melting, pouring, and fettling during his training.
The document discusses Hevi Sand, a processed chromite product created by AMCOL. It begins with an overview of AMCOL and its global mining operations. It then discusses the traditional chrome ore supply chain and issues with traditional processing methods. The document outlines the development of the H.S. Process for processing chromite, including identifying customer needs, researching chromite formation and impurities, developing plant requirements, and addressing issues like yield and quality. It provides details on the H.S. process plant, technology used, and end product results and issues identified.
Flotation Results of Oxidized Copper Ores of the Kalmakyr Depositijtsrd
According to preliminary calculations, oxidized copper ores in the dumps of the Kalmakyr deposit are about 107.6 million tons 01.01.2020 of which Balance ores 12.1 million tons with a Cu content of 0.8 Au 1.2 g t Ag 3.9 g t. Off balance ores 95.5 million tons with content Cu 0.3 Au 0.4 g t Ag 2 g t. Total metals copper 373 thousand tons, gold 56.6 tons, silver 246.5 tons. The total reserves of metals in the accumulated dumps are estimated at 373 thousand tons of copper, 56.6 tons of gold and 246.5 tons of silver, which is of interest primarily for non ferrous metallurgy. As a result of a set of studies carried out on samples of oxidized copper ore dumps from the Kalmakyr deposit, the following conclusions can be drawn Three methods hydrometallurgical, flotation and combined of processing oxidized copper ores of the Kalmakyr deposit have been shown experimentally and cathode copper with a content of 99.6 , a gold bearing concentrate with a gold content of 36.5 g t and silver content of 47.1 g t. Optimal modes and indicators of concentration efficiency are determined. On the basis of laboratory studies, a technology for processing oxidized copper ores of the Kalmakyr deposit has been proposed. Technological schemes for processing dumps of oxidized copper ores from the Kalmakyr deposit have been developed and recommended for implementation, the implementation of which will make it possible to obtain an estimated 6,183 tons of copper, 425 kg of gold and 707 kg of silver per year. Usenov Rasul Bovirjonovich | Yusupkhodjaev Asad Mahamatovich | Kholtursunov Farkhod Nurmatovich "Flotation Results of Oxidized Copper Ores of the Kalmakyr Deposit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38006.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mineral-and-metallurgical-engineering/38006/flotation-results-of-oxidized-copper-ores-of-the-kalmakyr-deposit/usenov-rasul-bovirjonovich
This seminar report summarizes a study on rheocasting. It defines rheocasting as a process that creates a semi-solid slurry directly from molten metal and pushes it into a mold to freeze, unlike thixocasting which reheats a billet. The report outlines the key steps in rheocasting including slurry generation techniques like stirring, dendrite fragmentation, and pressure waves. It discusses benefits like lower casting pressures/temperatures and disadvantages like needing precise control. In conclusion, the report notes potential applications for rheocasting include replacing permanent molds and producing high-strength or wear-resistant parts.
1. The document describes the process of preparing and managing green sand in a cast iron foundry. It involves mixing sand, clay, water, and other additives to form green sand that is then used to create molds in molding machines.
2. The green sand is then used in the molding process where molds are produced and molten metal is poured. After solidification, the molds are shaken to separate the casting from the sand for reclamation.
3. The returned sand is processed to remove impurities before being dried and mixed with new sand in preparation for reuse in the molding process. Proper management of foundry sand includes reclamation, recycling, and disposal to reduce waste.
This presentation I got from OSTP- IEPM online summer training.
Grab excellent knowledge in this area by prof. sarkar sir from BBIJ college. I hope anyone can see this helpful pdf file for this presentation.
Metallurgy is the study of metals and their properties. It involves extracting metals from ores and mixing metals to form alloys. There are three main methods of metal extraction - pyrometallurgy which uses high temperatures, hydrometallurgy which uses aqueous solutions, and electrometallurgy which uses electrolysis. Equilibrium diagrams are used to show the different phases present in a material at various temperatures and compositions.
Proppant Prospects for Industrial Minerals Mike O'Driscoll IMFORMED at SME 2015Mike O'Driscoll
The quest for low cost, clean, and efficient energy sources has assisted the drive for the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources worldwide, especially shale gas and shale oil resources. Advances in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technologies has enabled this resource exploitation. Imperative for this industry has been the evolution and development of proppants in hydraulic fracturing – mainly natural silica sand (frac sand), but also ceramic proppants manufactured from kaolin and bauxite. However, the supply of ceramic proppants is limited, especially outside North America, and meeting demand from the existing and anticipated boom in shale gas exploration and development is challenging. There are only certain industrial minerals that can meet ceramic proppant specifications, and their commercial development, until recently, has been somewhat limited. This paper highlights ceramic proppant raw materials, main sources, and supply to the oilfield industry – especially new markets in the Middle East, China, Asia-Pacific, South America – as we enter a new era of resource development which relies heavily on proppant utilisation.
This presentation gives an overview on the equipment options available for the drying, cooling, and high temperature processing of bulk solids. Equipment covered includes direct and indirect rotary dryers and coolers, as well as direct- and indirect-fired rotary kilns (sometimes called calciners).
NPK fertilizer is a key component in providing the nutrition plants need, and subsequently, plays a critical role in world food security. This presentation looks at what NPK fertilizer is made of and how it works. Organic and inorganic sources of each nutrient, as well as production methods are also covered.
This presentation is Part 1 of a 2-part infographic series on global copper production and processing. The presentation gives an overview on the top 20 copper mines in the world by capacity, including how much they produce annually, the processing method(s) they use, mine owners, and additional products. The infographic is available at FEECO.com/copper-processing, where Part 2 can also be found.
As large-scale farms become the future of agriculture, technologies are needed to help farmers manage increasing amounts of manure. This presentation looks at a unique approach to managing manure through one all-encompassing process that not only alleviates that challenges associated with manure, but also allows it to be used to its fullest potential. This process can yield various products, including biogas, a premium fertilizer product, and a Dried Manure Solids (DMS) bedding product.
As the granulation of manure into a premium fertilizer or soil amendment product becomes more popular, testing is needed to confirm feasibility and develop a process around the unique manure sample to be processed.
This presentation goes over why testing is important, and details the testing process that occurs in the FEECO Innovation Center, including the phases of testing, how testing works, and what particle characteristics can be targeted.
There are many factors to consider when developing a manure granulation process. While not an exhaustive list, this presentation goes over some of the main factors to consider, including return on investment, spatial needs and storage, emissions, fuel source, product off-take, automation, engineering, and more.
Manure pre-conditioning is necessary to prepare manure as a suitable feedstock for granulation into fertilizer. Pre-conditioning focuses on adjusting the particle size, moisture content, and composition of manure. For wet manures like dairy and hog manure, common pre-conditioning methods include sand removal, anaerobic digestion, coarse fiber removal, and solid/liquid separation. For dry manures like poultry litter, common methods include drying, grinding, and composting. The goal of pre-conditioning is to produce a homogenous feedstock with optimal properties for effective granulation.
The granulation of manure into fertilizer and soil amendment products is becoming a popular option for large-scale farms learning to deal with increasing amounts of manure.
This presentation looks at the various systems available for granulating manure, as well as the advantages and disadvantages each has to offer.
The granulation of manure into a premium fertilizer product offers a widespread solution to many of the issues faced by the global population today, including the pressure on farms to deal with increasing amounts of manure on smaller plots of land, nutrient runoff, and the Earth's depleted soils. This presentation looks at how the granulation of manure can help to resolve all of these issues.
Manure can be processed into Recycled Manure Solids (RMS) or Dried Manure Solids (DMS) bedding. This presentation looks at the process of transforming raw manure into a dried manure solids bedding product, as well as the many benefits this can offer.
Bedding recovery from manure is becoming a popular alternative to more traditional bedding options. This presentation looks at the many benefits of utilizing a recycled manure solids (RMS) or dried manure solids (DMS) bedding.
Testing is an integral part of process development when working with a rotary kiln. This presentation examines why testing is important, what types of testing can be conducted, as well as how thermal testing in the FEECO Innovation Center works.
The decision of whether to use a rotary dryer or kiln to reduce moisture in the feedstock often comes up during the design stages of a rotary kiln. This presentation examines the costs and benefits associated with each option.
Rotary kiln design is a complex process, with a variety of factors and material characteristics influencing the sizing and design. This presentation gives an overview of the sizing and design process, including the many factors that will need to be considered during the design stage.
Rotary kilns are available in both direct-fired and indirect-fired configurations. Each type offers its own unique advantages and disadvantages. This presentation gives an overview of the two types and the advantages and disadvantages each has to offer.
Rotary kilns are diverse thermal processing machines. This presentation looks at the many options available to customize a rotary kiln to promote improved processing efficiency. This includes, rotary kiln dams, bed disturbers, flights, and more.
Rotary kilns are highly flexible thermal processing devices, capable of processing a multitude of materials. This presentation goes over the many processes that can be carried out using a rotary kiln, including calcination, thermal desorption, organic combustion, sintering, heat setting, and reduction roasting.
Rotary kilns are a significant investment in any processing operation, requiring precise engineering around process and product goals. Finding a rotary kiln manufacturer that can design and fabricate a custom, quality solution can be difficult. This presentation provides a guide on some of the factors to consider when choosing a rotary kiln manufacturer for your processing application.
Air flow configuration is an important consideration in the design of a rotary kiln. This presentation looks at the different types of air flow available, and the benefits each has to offer.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
Metal Processing: Transforming Ores into a Refined Product
1. Experts in process design and material
processing for over 65 years. FEECO.com/mining
2. PRODUCTION METHODS
Two primary approaches:
PYROMETALLURGY HYDROMETALLURGY
AKA: SMELTING AKA: SOLVENT EXTRACTION
ELECTRO-WINNING
USED FOR: Sulphide Ores USED FOR: Oxide ores and low-grade
sulphide ores
WORKS BY: Concentrating metal-bearing
ores and then smelting them
WORKS BY: Leaching metals from ore and
then extracting metal from the
impregnated solution
5. EQUIPMENT SPOTLIGHT:
THE PUG MILL (PADDLE MIXER)
Pug mills serve to mix and condition
feed components for the smelter.
Mixing not only conditions the
agglomerates and de-dusts the
material, but it also ensures a
uniform product.
Pug mills increase efficiency in the
smelting process so much so, that
companies often will purchase two
mixers (one as a spare). Learn more at:
FEECO.com/copper-pug-mills/
FEECO PUG MILL
PYROMETALLURGY
7. EQUIPMENT SPOTLIGHT:
THE AGGLOMERATION DRUM
Agglomeration drums help to maximize
recovery rates by making ore fines more
uniform in shape and size, which allows
the leachate to more effectively
percolate through the heap.
The agglomeration step also serves to
begin the leaching process prior to the
heap. This increases overall efficiency
and ultimately, recovery rates.
Learn more at:
FEECO.com/copper-ore-agglomeration/
FEECO AGGLOMERATION DRUM
AGGLOMERATION
DRUM
HYDROMETALLURGY
8. FEECO.com/mining
Experts in process design and material
processing for over 65 years.
METAL PROCESSING SOLUTIONS
FEECO is a leader in metal and mineral processing. We provide
custom pug mills for concentrates, and agglomeration drums for
the heap leaching/SX-EW process. Our agglomeration drums are
utilized in some of the world’s largest and most environmentally
advanced mines. We can also provide all of the handling
equipment to support the process. For more information,
contact us today at FEECO.com/contact