Zinc
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Zinc occurs naturally as sulfide and carbonate ores. It is extracted through crushing, concentration, roasting, and reduction processes. The concentrated ore is roasted in air to convert zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is then mixed with coke and heated in a vertical retort furnace to produce zinc vapors, which condense to produce molten zinc. The molten zinc is further purified through electrolysis to produce high purity zinc. Zinc is a bluish-white metal with a melting point of 420°C. It is used for galvanization of iron and in making alloys like brass and German silver.
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![Zinc (Zn)
Group IIB At. No=30 At. Wt=63.5
Configuration : [Ar]3d10 4s2
Occurrence:
Zinc occurs in nature only in combined state. The main ores of zinc are:
Zinc blende – ZnS Calamine – ZnCO3
Zincite – ZnO Franklinite – ZnO. Fe2O3
Willimite – 2ZnO. SiO2
Extraction of Zinc from Zinc Blende
Crushing and Concentration:
The ore is crushed in jaw crushers and then powdered finely. Zinc blende being sulphide is
concentrated by froth floatation method. The powdered ore is kept in water containing pine oil &
the mixture is agitated by passing compressed air. Ore forms froth with oil and come to the
surface and are skimmed off while impurities are left in water
Roasting:
The concentrated are is heated in excess supply of air about 9000c in the hearth of reverberatory
furnace. During roasting zinc sulphide is converted to Zinc Oxide.
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
Small amount of ZnS may be oxidized to ZnSO4 but above 9000c , ZnSO4 decompose forming
Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
ZnS + 2O2 → ZnSO4
ZnSO4
above 900 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 + O2
Reduction (Smelting):-
ZnO obtained during roasting is mixed with coke and heated strongly where ZnO is reduced to
Zn by carbon.
ZnO + C → Zn(vapours) + CO
Figure: Vertical retort furnance for the extraction of zinc](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/zinc-170906013353/85/Zinc-1-320.jpg)
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t is usually contaminated with earthly or undesired materials known as gangue. The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involves the following major steps: • Concentration of the ore, • Isolation of the metal from its concentrated ore, and • Purification of the metal.
METALLURGY.pptx
1. Metallurgy is the extraction of pure metals from their ore. It involves processes like concentration, isolation, and refining.
2. Metals are extracted through processes like calcination, roasting, and electrolysis depending on their reactivity. Highly reactive metals require electrolytic reduction while others can be reduced using carbon or other metals.
3. Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals that have different properties than the pure metals. Common alloys include steel, brass, and bronze. Alloys and other techniques like galvanization and anodization are used to prevent corrosion of metals.
General principles and processes of isolation of elements
The document discusses various principles and processes involved in the isolation of elements from their ores. It describes how ores are concentrated to remove gangue, then converted to oxides which are reduced to extract the pure metals. Specific processes are outlined for extracting important metals like iron, aluminium, and copper using techniques like calcination, roasting, electrolytic refining, and zone refining. Blast furnaces and Hall-Heroult cells are also summarized.
Occurance of Metals
The document discusses metals, minerals, ores, and metallurgy. It describes how metals are found naturally, either in their free elemental state or combined as minerals and ores. Metallurgy is the process of extracting metals from ores and purifying them. Metals are categorized based on their reactivity, and extracted using different methods like electrolysis or heating with carbon or in air. The document also discusses alloying, corrosion, and methods to prevent corrosion like coating and alloying with other metals.
PLANCHA.pdf
Zinc cementation, activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange/solvent extraction, and electrowinning are four main processes used to recover gold from cyanide solutions obtained via cyanidation. Zinc cementation, the oldest process, involves adding zinc which displaces and precipitates gold from solution according to the electrochemical order of metals in cyanide solutions. The concept of using zinc to cement gold from solutions was utilized in the late 1800s when cyanidation was adopted on an industrial scale for gold extraction.
Chemistary ppt by group b
This document provides information on the chemical properties of metals. It discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, acids, and metal salt solutions. It explains that the reactivity of metals varies, with metals like sodium and potassium being the most reactive due to losing their outer shell electrons easily. The document also discusses the formation of ionic compounds through the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals, and provides examples of how ionic compounds like NaCl and MgCl2 are formed.
Metallurgy based on chemistry the reactions and processes
This document discusses metallurgy and metal extraction processes. It covers key topics such as mineral ores, concentration methods like froth flotation and magnetic separation, production of crude metal through processes like smelting and calcination, and refining of crude metal using techniques including liquation, distillation, and electrorefining. Specific extraction processes are described for metals like aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc. Thermodynamic principles and the use of Ellingham diagrams to determine the feasibility of thermal reduction reactions are also summarized.
metallurgy (2).pptx
This document provides information about metallurgy and metal extraction processes. It discusses key concepts like minerals, ores, gangue and the steps of metallurgy including concentration of the ore, production of crude metal, and refining. Specific processes covered include crushing, pulverization, gravity separation, froth flotation, magnetic separation, leaching, smelting, zone refining and electrolytic refining. Examples of metal extraction processes discussed are for aluminum, copper and iron. Thermodynamic principles and the use of Ellingham diagrams to determine feasibility of thermal reduction reactions are also summarized.
Extraction of zinc
Froth floatation, roasting process, multiple hearth roaster, suspension roaster,fluidized bed roaster, imperial smelting, leaching, electrolysis of zinc
Copper and itsalloys
Copper and its alloys have many applications due to their high electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and machinability. Common copper alloys include brass, which is copper mixed with zinc, and bronze, which is copper mixed with tin. Copper is extracted from mineral ores through mining, grinding, concentration, smelting, and refining. The document outlines the key steps in extracting and processing copper from its mineral ores into its pure and alloyed forms.
ppt-module-1-extraction-of-elements.doc
This document discusses various methods used to extract metals from their ores, including concentration, roasting/calcination, reduction, and refining. It describes several concentration methods like magnetic separation, hydraulic washing, and froth floatation to separate ores from gangue. Leaching is also discussed as a chemical separation process used to extract metals like aluminum, gold, silver, and low-grade copper ores. Overall, the document provides an overview of key terms and processes involved in the metallurgy of extracting pure metals from raw mineral ores.
Metallurgy is a part of chemistry which deals with the extraction of metals.
This is a simple pdfh to understand Metallurgy in a more convinient way.
application electrolytic cells
The document discusses various electrolytic processes including electrolysis of molten aluminum and electroplating of gold, silver, and lead. It explains that electrolysis uses electricity to drive chemical reactions like the reduction of aluminum ions to produce aluminum metal at the cathode. Impure metals can also be refined through electrorefining which uses electrolysis to oxidize impurities at the anode while reducing the desired metal at the cathode.
Copper and copper alloys
This document discusses copper and copper alloys, including their properties, extraction, production, uses, and applications. It covers the physical properties of copper, its major ores, and worldwide production levels. Extraction techniques for copper from sulfide and oxide ores are described, involving processes like froth flotation, roasting, smelting, and electrolytic refining. Key copper alloys like brasses, bronzes, cupronickels, and nickel silvers are classified and their phase diagrams discussed. Major applications of copper and its alloys span building construction, pressure vessels, marine uses, and more.
Electrolysis
The three main factors that affect the electrolysis of an aqueous solution are:
1) The position of ions in the electrochemical series, which determines which ions will be reduced or oxidized at the electrodes.
2) The concentration of ions or electrolytes in the solution. Higher concentrations result in greater rates of reaction.
3) The type of electrodes used, as certain electrodes may dissolve and alter the composition of the solution during electrolysis.
Similar to Zinc (20)
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements.pptx
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements.pptx
General principles and processes of isolation of elements
General principles and processes of isolation of elements
Metallurgy based on chemistry the reactions and processes
Metallurgy based on chemistry the reactions and processes
Metallurgy is a part of chemistry which deals with the extraction of metals.
Metallurgy is a part of chemistry which deals with the extraction of metals.
More from Gandaki Boarding School,Lamachaur-16 Pokhara, Nepal
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide is manufactured through the Kellner-Solvay process and Castner-Kellner cell process. In the Kellner-Solvay process, brine is electrolyzed between a mercury cathode and graphite anode, producing sodium amalgam at the cathode which is later treated with water to produce sodium hydroxide and regenerate the mercury. In the Castner-Kellner cell process, a vessel is divided into compartments where sodium ions are reduced at the mercury cathode to form sodium amalgam, which then reacts with hydroxyl ions in another compartment to form sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is a white, highly alkaline and water-soluble solid with various industrial and laboratory uses such
Iron
There are three main varieties of iron based on carbon content: cast iron contains 2-5% carbon and is the impure form used to make steel and wrought iron; wrought iron contains 0.12-0.25% carbon and is the purest form used for chains and magnet cores; steel contains 0.1-1.5% carbon and has properties dependent on carbon content, used for many applications. Rusting of iron occurs via an electrochemical process where iron acts as the anode, releasing electrons and ferrous ions while hydrogen ions are reduced to hydrogen gas at cathode sites on the metal surface. The ferrous ions further oxidize to ferric oxide which absorbs moisture from the
Periodicity
The document discusses periodicity and how properties vary across periods and down groups in the periodic table. It specifically focuses on Period 3 elements (Na to Ar). Key points:
1) Atomic radius decreases across Period 3 as nuclear charge increases, attracting electrons more strongly. Radius increases down groups as atomic size increases.
2) Ionization energy generally increases across Period 3 as nuclear charge increases, requiring more energy to remove electrons. It decreases down groups as distance from nucleus increases.
3) Melting/boiling points are highest for metals/covalent networks and lower for weak molecular bonds. Electrical conductivity is highest for metals and lowest for nonmetals.
Thermodynamics ii
This document discusses spontaneous processes and the driving forces behind them in thermodynamics. It explains that spontaneous processes are driven by a decrease in enthalpy or an increase in entropy. While enthalpy change alone cannot predict spontaneity, the introduction of entropy and Gibbs free energy allows better determination of spontaneous processes. The document also discusses how temperature, entropy change, and the relationship between Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant can be used to analyze spontaneity.
Thermodynamics ii
1. A spontaneous process is one that occurs without external influence, driven by a decrease in energy or increase in disorder.
2. Enthalpy change alone does not determine spontaneity, as some endothermic reactions are spontaneous. Entropy must also be considered.
3. Entropy is a measure of disorder - solids have lowest entropy and gases highest. Spontaneous processes favor higher entropy states.
4. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe always increases for spontaneous processes, with ∆Suniverse > 0.
As rate
1. The document discusses factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions, including surface area, concentration, pressure, temperature, and catalysis.
2. Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy of reactions, increasing the proportion of particles with energy exceeding this barrier.
3. Enzymes are biological catalysts that are highly specific and function via a lock-and-key mechanism to catalyze reactions in living organisms.
Air pollution
The document discusses various sources and effects of air pollution. It describes how burning fossil fuels from industries, automobiles, and power plants releases pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides into the air. This leads to issues like acid rain, photochemical smog, and global warming. Air pollution damages the environment, climate, plants, animals, and human health, causing problems like acidification of soils and water sources, reduced visibility, and respiratory illnesses. The text provides details on the formation and harmful impacts of acid rain and photochemical smog. Overall, the document analyzes the causes and wide-ranging consequences of air pollution from various human and industrial activities.
Metals and metallurgy
The document discusses the principles of metallurgy and metal extraction processes. It defines metals, non-metals and metalloids based on their properties. The processes involved in metal extraction include mining, crushing, concentration, roasting, reduction and refining. Concentration methods separate the metal ore from gangue using techniques like gravity separation, magnetic separation or froth flotation. Reduction converts the metal oxide into pure metal using carbon or aluminothermic processes. Refining further purifies the metal using techniques like liquation, distillation, electrolysis or poling. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and steps involved in extracting and processing metals from their ores.
Metallurgy
The document discusses the various processes involved in metallurgy, which is the extraction of metals from ores and their purification. There are three main types of metallurgical processes - pyrometallurgy which uses high temperatures, hydrometallurgy which uses aqueous solutions, and electrometallurgy which uses electrolysis. Common steps in metal extraction include mining the ore, crushing and grinding it, concentrating the ore to remove impurities, roasting or calcining it, reducing the metal oxides to the pure metal, and finally refining the metal through processes like liquation, distillation, or electrolysis.
Sodium
- Alkali metals have low ionization energies and readily lose their outer electron to form cations with a +1 oxidation state. They are soft, reactive metals that form ionic compounds.
- Sodium is the second alkali metal and is found abundantly in nature as the mineral sodium chloride. It is extracted commercially via the Downs process, which involves electrolysis of molten sodium chloride at lower temperatures using calcium chloride. This allows pure sodium to be produced at the cathode and chlorine gas to be collected at the anode.
Chemical thermodynamics
This document discusses key concepts in chemical thermodynamics including:
- Thermodynamics deals with different forms of energy and quantitative relationships between them. Chemical thermodynamics focuses on chemical changes.
- Systems, surroundings, boundaries, closed/open/isolated systems, and state functions like internal energy are defined.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and can be converted between different forms like work and heat but not created or destroyed.
Water
Water has a simple molecular structure composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. This gives water a polar molecular structure with partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom. This polarity allows water to dissolve ionic compounds through electrostatic interactions between the ions and polar water molecules but not non-polar covalent compounds which do not interact strongly with water. Heavy water, composed of deuterium and oxygen, is produced through electrolysis or distillation of ordinary water. It has similar but not identical chemical properties as ordinary water and is used as a neutron moderator and to produce deuterium.
Nitric acid
Nitric acid is manufactured through Ostwald's process, which involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia by air over a platinum catalyst heated to 800°C, forming nitric oxide. The nitric oxide is cooled and oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, which is then absorbed in water in an absorption tower to produce nitric acid solution. The dilute nitric acid is further concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure to obtain approximately 98% nitric acid.
Water
Water has a simple molecular structure composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. This gives water a polar molecular structure with partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom. This polarity allows water to dissolve ionic compounds through electrostatic interactions between the ions and polar water molecules, but not non-polar covalent compounds which do not interact strongly with water. Heavy water, composed of deuterium instead of hydrogen, is used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactions and to produce deuterium through electrolysis or reaction with metals.
Chemical kinetics
This document summarizes key concepts in chemical kinetics including:
1. Chemical kinetics deals with the rates of chemical reactions and factors that affect rates. Rates can be expressed in terms of changes in concentrations over time.
2. Reaction rates depend on temperature, catalysts, and concentrations as expressed in rate laws. Rate constants are measures of reaction speeds.
3. Reactions can have different orders depending on which concentrations influence the rate. Pseudo-order reactions appear higher order but actually follow lower order kinetics.
Chemical equiilibrium
The document discusses chemical equilibrium, which occurs when opposing chemical processes proceed at equal rates, such that the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time. It provides examples of physical equilibria like liquid-vapor and solid-liquid, and chemical equilibria like reversible reactions. The document also explains concepts like Le Chatelier's principle, the law of mass action, equilibrium constants, and how concentration, temperature, and pressure can affect chemical equilibrium.
Electrochemistry
This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including:
- Electrochemistry deals with chemical and physical processes involving the production or consumption of electricity.
- Electrode potential is the potential difference that exists between a metal and its ions in solution, arising from their relative tendencies to undergo oxidation or reduction reactions.
- Standard hydrogen electrode is used as a reference electrode to measure standard electrode potentials of other half-cells.
- Standard electrode potential of a half-cell indicates its voltage when connected to the standard hydrogen electrode under standard conditions.
- Electromotive force is the difference in potential between the cathode and anode half-cells of an electrochemical cell.
9701 y16 sm_2 (1)
This document consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page containing the specimen mark scheme for Paper 2 (AS Level Structured Questions) of the Cambridge International A Level Chemistry exam. The mark scheme provides detailed guidance on how answers should be marked, including the points awarded for different parts of questions and acceptable alternative responses. Key information includes abbreviations used in the mark scheme, the maximum number of marks available for each question, and detailed annotations for multi-part questions to indicate which parts of answers are correct.
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Zinc
- 1. Zinc (Zn) Group IIB At. No=30 At. Wt=63.5 Configuration : [Ar]3d10 4s2 Occurrence: Zinc occurs in nature only in combined state. The main ores of zinc are: Zinc blende – ZnS Calamine – ZnCO3 Zincite – ZnO Franklinite – ZnO. Fe2O3 Willimite – 2ZnO. SiO2 Extraction of Zinc from Zinc Blende Crushing and Concentration: The ore is crushed in jaw crushers and then powdered finely. Zinc blende being sulphide is concentrated by froth floatation method. The powdered ore is kept in water containing pine oil & the mixture is agitated by passing compressed air. Ore forms froth with oil and come to the surface and are skimmed off while impurities are left in water Roasting: The concentrated are is heated in excess supply of air about 9000c in the hearth of reverberatory furnace. During roasting zinc sulphide is converted to Zinc Oxide. 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 Small amount of ZnS may be oxidized to ZnSO4 but above 9000c , ZnSO4 decompose forming Zinc Oxide (ZnO) ZnS + 2O2 → ZnSO4 ZnSO4 above 900 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 + O2 Reduction (Smelting):- ZnO obtained during roasting is mixed with coke and heated strongly where ZnO is reduced to Zn by carbon. ZnO + C → Zn(vapours) + CO Figure: Vertical retort furnance for the extraction of zinc
- 2. The reduction is done in vertical retort. In this process roasted are mixed with coke in the ratio of 2:1 and small briquets are made. These briquets are fed into vertical retort furnance, from the charging door. The report is heated externally by burning producegas (CO+N2) to about 14000c. The vapour of Zn and CO so produced are allowed to pass to the condenser by applying a suction and passing a current of producergas from the bottom as shown in figure. In the condenser, vapours of zinc get liquefied and molten zinc is obtained as spelter and CO escapes out through the outlet. The molten Zn, the spelter is taken out from the condenser from time to time and residues are taken out from the bottom of the retort. Purification:- Zinc spelter contains Pb, Fe, Cd, As, etc. as impurities. Impure zinc can be purified by a. Electrolysis:- Zinc of higher purity can be obtained by electrolysis. Pure zinc rod is used as cathode while a block of impure zinc is used as anode. A mixture of ZnSO4 and dil H2SO4 is used as electrolyte. On passing current impure zinc dissolves and equivalent amount of pure zinc is deposited at cathode. At cathode: Zn++(aq) +2 e- → Zn At anode: Zn → Zn++ (aq) +2e- PhysicalProperties i. It is a bluish white lustrous metal. ii. Zinc is brittle at ordinary temperature but it becomes malleable from 100-150o c then again it becomes brittle. iii. It melts at 420oc and boils at 900o c and has sp. Gravity 7.13. Uses of zinc: - It is used for galvanization of iron. - It is used in making alloys like Brass (Cu+Zn), German silver(Cu+Zn+Ni), etc -its compound are used in medicine and paints. -it is used as cathodein dry cell Vertical retort: A flask with a rounded base and a long neck that is bent down and tapered,