by yerukneh solomon(chenchaw) glucagon mechanism of action on protiens and carbo, gluccagon, insulin, insulin effect on protiens carbohydrates and fats, insulin synthesis and secretion, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin
Lipoprotein metabolism - (transport of lipids in the Blood)Ashok Katta
This presentation explains metabolism of lipoproteins (Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL) in very simple way. The presentation contains lots of animation to explain metabolism of individual lipoproteins.
Lipoprotein metabolism - (transport of lipids in the Blood)Ashok Katta
This presentation explains metabolism of lipoproteins (Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL) in very simple way. The presentation contains lots of animation to explain metabolism of individual lipoproteins.
Comprehensive description of various primary dyslipidemias, cholesterol transport and molecular mechanisms involved.
View in slideshow after downloading for better experience.
Prepared in Dec 2013.
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporters are present in all phyla.
metabolic effect of different hormones i.e insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol with their short introduction, structures, biosynthesis, mechanism of action and individual action on carbohydrate , lipid and protein metabolism.
Lipid profile is an important group of tests used to diagnose hyperlipidemias. it is also used in Investigating Myocardial infarction , Diabetes mellitus & nephrotic syndrome
diabetes mellitus / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Comprehensive description of various primary dyslipidemias, cholesterol transport and molecular mechanisms involved.
View in slideshow after downloading for better experience.
Prepared in Dec 2013.
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporters are present in all phyla.
metabolic effect of different hormones i.e insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol with their short introduction, structures, biosynthesis, mechanism of action and individual action on carbohydrate , lipid and protein metabolism.
Lipid profile is an important group of tests used to diagnose hyperlipidemias. it is also used in Investigating Myocardial infarction , Diabetes mellitus & nephrotic syndrome
diabetes mellitus / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
3. Introduction
Pancreas
Pancreas contains exocrine & endocrine cells
Roughly 99% of the cells of the pancreas are
arranged in clusters called acini.
The acini produce digestive enzymes, which flow into
the GIT.
Endocrine cells are called Islets of Langerhans,
1-2% of pancreatic tissue.
7/18/2017 3
6. Insulin Chemistry and Synthesis
Insulin is a small protein;
human insulin has a molecular weight of 5808. It is
composed of two amino acid chains connected to each
other by disulfide linkages
Beta cells - beginning with translation of the insulin
RNA by ribosomes attached to the ER to form an insulin
preprohormone (11500) - cleaved in the ER to form a
proinsulin (9000) - further cleaved in the Golgi
apparatus to form insulin - secretory granules
unbound form; it has a plasma half-life that averages
only about 6 minutes - degraded by the enzyme
insulinase mainly in the liver, to a lesser extent in the7/18/2017 6
12. Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Immediately after a high-carbohydrate meal, rapid
secretion of insulin occur
• The normal resting muscle membrane is only
slightly permeable to glucose, except when the
muscle
• fiber is stimulated by insulin
• Moderate or heavy exercise
• Few hours after a meal because of insulin –
Glucose stored as muscle GLYCOGEN – used
during anaerobic exercise
7/18/2017 12
14. Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Glucose absorbed after a meal to be stored
almost immediately in the liver in the form of
glycogen
Insulin promotes storage by:
Increasing the activity of the
Glucokinase,
inactivating liver phosphorylase
Increasing the activities of glycogen
synthase
7/18/2017 14
16. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glucose Is Released from the Liver Between Meals
1. The decreasing blood glucose causes the
pancreas to decrease its insulin secretion.
2. Stopping further synthesis of glycogen in the
liver and preventing further uptake of glucose by
the liver from the blood.
3. The lack of insulin along with increase of
glucagon, activates the enzyme phosphorylase,
4. The enzyme glucose phosphatase, becomes
activated 7/18/2017 16
17. Carbohydrate Metabolism
• When the quantity of glucose entering the liver
cells is more than can be stored as glycogen,
Conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids
• Insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by:
Decreasing the quantities and activities of the
liver enzymes required for gluconeogenesis
Decreases the release of amino acids from
muscle and other extrahepatic tissues
• Brain cells use only glucose for energy
7/18/2017 17
18. Fat Metabolism
Insulin acts as fat sparer.
Promotes fatty acid synthesis in liver from excess
glucose
1. Insulin increases the transport of glucose into the
liver cells
2. Energy from glucose via citric acid cycle - excess
of citrate and isocitrate ions - activates acetyl CoA
carboxylase – acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA
Fat storage in adipose tissue
Fatty acids (triglycerides) are then transported from
the liver by way of the blood lipoproteins to the
adipose cells.
7/18/2017 18
19. Fat Metabolism
Insulin promotes glucose transport into the fat
cells
Insulin inhibits the action of hormone-sensitive
lipase
insulin deficiency - free fatty acid
FFA become main energy substrate
The excess of fatty acids in the plasma
promotes liver conversion of some of the fatty
acids into phospholipids and cholesterol
7/18/2017 19
21. Protein Metabolism and Growth
1. Insulin stimulates transport of many of the amino
acids into the cells
2. Insulin increases the rate of transcription of
selected DNA genetic sequences
3. Insulin increases the translation of mRNA
4. Insulin inhibits the catabolism of proteins
5. In the liver, insulin depresses the rate of
gluconeogenesis - conserves the amino acids in
the protein stores of the body
7/18/2017 21
25. Glucagon and Its Functions
Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the alpha cells
of the islets of Langerhans when the blood
glucose concentration falls
Glucagon - large polypeptide - molecular weight
of 3485 – chain of 29 amino acids
1 µg/kg of glucagon can elevate the blood glucose
concentration about 20 mg/100 ml of blood (25 per
cent increase) in about 20 minutes
(1) breakdown of liver glycogen (glycogenolysis)
(2) increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
7/18/2017 25
26. Glucagon
Synthesis, Secretion and metabolism
◦ Synthesized from the preprohormone
precursor called preproglucagon in the α-
cells of islets.
◦ Preproglucagon is converted into
proglucagon, which gives rise to
glucagon.
◦ Secreted from α-cells in the islets of
Langerhans of pancreas.
◦ It is also secreted from A cells of stomach
and L cells of intestine.
7/18/2017 26
27. Chemistry And Half-life
◦ Polypeptide with a molecular weight of
3,485.
◦ It contains 29 amino acids.
◦ Half-life of glucagon is 3 to 6 minutes.
7/18/2017 27
28. Metabolism
◦ About 30% of glucagon is degraded in liver
and 20% in kidney.
◦ The cleaved glucagon fragments are
excreted through urine.
◦ 50% of the circulating glucagon is
degraded in blood itself by enzymes such
as serine and cysteine proteases
7/18/2017 28
29. Actions Of Glucagon
◦ Actions of glucagon are antagonistic
to those of insulin
◦ It increases:
Blood glucose level,
Peripheral utilization of lipids
Conversion of proteins into glucose
7/18/2017 29
30. On Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glucagon increases the blood glucose level
by:
Increasing glycogenolysis in liver.
Increasing gluconeogenesis in liver
Decreasing glycolysis
Decreasing glycogenolysis
7/18/2017 30
31. Cellular effect of glucagon
Glucagon causes glycogenolysis in
the liver, which in turn increases the
blood glucose concentration within
minutes.
7/18/2017 31
33. glycogenolysis
1. Glucagon activates adenylyl cyclase in the hepatic
cell membrane - cAMP - protein kinase,
2. Which activates phosphorylase b kinase,
3. Which converts phosphorylase b into phosphorylase
a,
4. Which promotes the degradation of glycogen into
glucose-1-phosphate,
5. Which then is dephosphorylated; and the glucose is
released from the liver cells.7/18/2017 33
36. Gluconeogenesis
◦ by:
Activating the enzymes, which convert
pyruvate into phosphoenol pyruvate
Increasing the transport of amino acids into
the liver cells.
The amino acids are utilized for glucose
formation
7/18/2017 36
38. Gluconeogenesis
increase the rate of amino acid uptake by the liver cells
and then the conversion of many of the amino acids to
glucose
activation of the enzyme system for converting pyruvate
to phosphoenolpyruvate, a rate-limiting step in
gluconeogenesis
glucagon activates adipose cell lipase, making
increased quantities of fatty acids available to the energy
systems of the body
Glucagon also inhibits the storage of triglycerides in
the liver, which prevents the liver from removing fatty
acids from the blood 7/18/2017 38
39. On Fat Metabolism
◦ Glucagon shows lipolytic and ketogenic actions.
◦ It increases lipolysis by increasing the release of
free fatty acids from adipose tissue and making
them available for peripheral utilization.
◦ The lipolytic activity of glucagon, in turn
promotes ketogenesis (formation of ketone
bodies) in liver
7/18/2017 39
40. ◦ In the adipocyte, glucagon activates
hormone- sensitive lipase,
the enzyme that breaks down triglycerides
(stored fat) into diacylglycerol and free fatty
acids, releasing them into the circulation.
◦ Glycerol released into the circulation can
be utilized in the liver for gluconeogenesis
◦ Free fatty acids are used as fuel by most
tissues,
7/18/2017 40
43. Somatostatin
Somatostatin is secreted from:
Hypothalamus
D cells (δ-cells) in islets of Langerhans of
pancreas
D cells in stomach and upper part of small
intestine.
Somatostatin brings out its actions through cAMP
7/18/2017 43
44. Chemistry ,Half-life & metabolism
Somatostatin is a polypeptide.
It is synthesized in two forms, namely
somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28
Both the forms have similar actions.
Half-life of somatostatin is 2 to 4 minutes.
Somatostatin is degraded in liver and
kidney.
7/18/2017 44
45. Actions Of Somatostatin
1. Somatostatin acts within pancreas,
inhibits β and α cells,
2. It decreases the motility of stomach,
duodenum and gallbladder
3. It reduces the secretion of gastrin, CCK,
GIP and VIP
4. Hypothalamic somatostatin inhibits the
secretion of GH and TSH
7/18/2017 45
46. Regulation Of Secretion Of Somatostatin
Pancreatic Somatostatin
Secretion of pancreatic somatostatin is
stimulated by glucose, amino acids and CCK.
The tumor of D cells of islets of Langerhans
causes hypersecretion of somatostatin.
It leads to hyperglycemia and other symptoms
of diabetes mellitus.
7/18/2017 46
47. Pancreatic Polypeptide
Source Of Secretion
◦ Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by F
cells or PP cells in the islets of
Langerhans of pancreas.
Chemistry And Half-life
◦ Pancreatic polypeptide is a polypeptide
with 36 amino acids.
◦ Its half-life is 5 minutes.
7/18/2017 47
48. Synthesis and metabolism
Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesized
from preprohormone precursor called
prepropancreatic polypeptide in the PP
cells of islets
Pancreatic polypeptide is degraded and
removed from circulation mainly in
kidney.
7/18/2017 48
49. Actions Of Pancreatic
Polypeptide
◦ Exact physiological action of
pancreatic polypeptide is not known.
◦ It is believed to increase the secretion
of glucagon from α-cells in islets of
Langerhans.
Pancreatic polypeptide brings out its
actions through cAMP.
7/18/2017 49
50. Regulation Of Secretion
◦ Secretion of pancreatic polypeptide is
stimulated by the presence of chyme
containing more proteins in the small
intestine.
7/18/2017 50
52. Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is common in insulin-treated
diabetic patients and also occurs occasionally in
patients treated with the oral hypoglycemic
sulfonylurea agents.
Hypoglycemia may range from very mild lowering
of glycemia (60-70 mg/dl) with minimal or no
symptoms, to severe hypoglycemia with very low
levels of glucose (<40 mg/dl) and neurologic
impairment.
7/18/2017 52