Mental illness 2020

PRESENTATION
ON
MENTAL ILLNESS.
MR.VIKRANT. R. KULTHE,
LECTURER CUM H.O.D IN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING,
S.N.D. COLLEGE OF NURSING,
YEOLA, NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA.
Email Id:vikrantrkulthe111@gmail.Com
MOB: 9689019314/ 7972312288.

INTRODUCTION.
Many people have mental health concerns from time to time. But a mental health
concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress
and affect your ability to function.
A mental illness can make you miserable and can cause problems in your
daily life, such as at school or work or in relationships. In most cases, symptoms can be
managed with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy).
“Mental illnesses are health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking or
behavior (or a combination of these). Mental illnesses are associated with distress and/or
problems functioning in social, work or family activities.”
----------------------(AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION.)
7/31/2020Mr. Vikrant Kulthe, Mob: 9689019314 / 7972312288
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DEFINITION.
“Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a
wide range of mental health conditions — disorders that affect
your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness
include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating
disorders and addictive behaviors”.
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENTAL
ILLNESS.
1) Alterations of personality and
Behaviour.
2) Alterations of Biological
functions.
3) Disorder of Consciousness.
4) Disorders of Attention and
Concentration.
5) Disorders of Orientation.
6) Volitional Disturbances.
7) Disorder of Motor Activity.
8) Disturbances of Posture and Expression.
9) Disturbances of Motor speech.
10) Disorders of Perception.
11) Disorder of Mood.
12) Disorder of Memory.
13) Disorder of Thought.
14) Disorder of Intelligence.
15) Disorders of Insight and Judgment.
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1. ALTERATIONS OF PERSONALITY
AND BEHAVIOUR.
• While our moods and behavior naturally fluctuate, someone with a
personality change may not be acting like their usual self and may show
extreme changes in behavior.
Some of the symptoms of a personality change may include:
• New symptoms of anxiety or changes in mood
• Anger threshold
• Insensitive or rude behavior
• Impulsive behavior
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2) ALTERATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS.
• According to biological functions mainly affected in Sleep, Appetite, Sexual
desire.
1. Alteration of Sleep: The biological changes in sleep time is Decrease or Increase due to
Anxiety, Depression. Ex: Insomnia (Disturbance of sleep)
2. Loss of Appetite : Appetite is reduced is reduced in anxiety states and depression and
increased in condition like Mania, Thyrotoxicosis. Ex: Anorexia Nervosa(Loss of Appetite),
Bulimia Nervosa(Incress Appetite)
3. Sexual Desire: Sexual desire is an aspect of a person's sexuality, which varies significantly
from one person to another, and also varies depending on circumstances at a particular time. Its
increases in conditions like Mania and some cerebral lesions, and reduces condition like anxiety,
depression and drug abuse. Ex: Loss of Libido, Erectile dysfuction, Ejaculatory disturbances,
Pain.
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3. DISORDER OF CONSCIOUSNESS
• Consciousness is awareness of self and environment. Unconsciousness is lack of
awareness of self and environment and lack of subjective experience.
1. Clouding of consciousness: A mental state involving a reduced awareness of the
environment, inability to concentrate, and confusion
2. Drowsiness: A feeling of being sleepy and lethargic.
3. Coma: A state of prolonged unconsciousness.
4. Stupor: A state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility.
5. Fugue and dissociation: characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity,
including the memories, personality, and other identifying characteristics of
individuality.
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4. DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND
CONCENTRATION.
While attention is he focus of consciousness on a particular object or
idea, concentration refers to persistence of attention to the same stimulus
or “Focused attention”.
Distraction is the inability to shut of irrelevant stimuli so that any
stimulus in the environment takes away his attention.
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5. DISORDERS OF ORIENTATION.
• Disorder of orientation Is called disorientation that means loss of awareness of the position of
one's self in relation to space, time, identity or other persons.
• Example
1. Organic mental disorders: mental disturbances resulting from temporary or
permanent brain dysfunction caused by organic factors such as alcohol, metabolic disorders,
and aging.
2. Delirium: A serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and
reduced awareness of the environment.
3. Dementia: A chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or
injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.
4. Severe stress: stress is the response to emotional pressure suffered for a prolonged period of
time in which an individual perceives they have little or no control.
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6. VOLITIONAL DISTURBANCES.
Volition is the willful initiation and control of ones behaviour.
Volitional disturbances are seen in organic and functional
disorder. Lesion of mid-brain, the area of brain where centres of
biological drives are located(Sleep, Appetite, thirst.), couse
volitional disturbances by reducing drives.
Its extreme from volitional disturbances may present themselves
as immobility, mutism and stupor.
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7. DISORDER OF MOTOR ACTIVITY.
The term "movement disorders" refers to a group of nervous system (neurological) conditions
that cause abnormal increased movements, which may be voluntary or involuntary. Movement
disorders can also cause reduced or slow movements.
1. Ataxia: This movement disorder affects the part of the brain that controls coordinated
movement (cerebellum). Ataxia may cause uncoordinated or clumsy balance, speech or
limb movements, and other symptoms.
2. Cervical dystonia: This condition causes long-lasting contractions (spasms) or
intermittent contractions of the neck muscles, causing the neck to turn in different ways.
3. Chorea: Chorea is characterized by repetitive, brief, irregular, somewhat rapid,
involuntary movements that typically involve the face, mouth, trunk and limbs.
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8. DISTURBANCES OF POSTURE
AND EXPRESSION.
• Disturbance in posturing is a voluntary assumption of
inappropriate and bizarre position of the body.
• Waxy flexibility is the maintenance of a particular posture
imposed on the patients by the examiner, even if the posture is
bizarre and uncomfortable.
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9. DISTURBANCES OF MOTOR
SPEECH.
• Motor speech disorders include two primary conditions: dysarthria and apraxia of
speech. In these conditions, the connection between the brain and the speech mechanism is
damaged or interrupted. This makes it difficult to control and/or coordinate the muscles of
the face, tongue, or larynx for the purposes of speaking.
• Apraxia of speech: whether acquired or developmental involves a difficulty in
planning, sequencing and/or coordinating relevant muscles or muscle groups for
speech production.
• Dysarthria: whether acquired or developmental involves a disturbance in muscle
control that results in weakness, slowness and/or incoordination in speech
production.
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10. DISORDERS OF PERCEPTION.
• Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization,
identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to
represent and understand the environment. • Conscious awareness of
elements in the environment by the mental processing of sensory stimuli.
• Sensory Distortion- Constant real perceptual object which is perceived in a distorted
way
• • Sensory Deception- new perception that may occur that may or may not be in
response to external stimuli.
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11. DISORDER OF MOOD.
• If you have a mood disorder, your general emotional state or mood is distorted or
inconsistent with your circumstances and interferes with your ability to function. You may
be extremely sad, empty or irritable (depressed), or you may have periods of depression
alternating with being excessively happy (mania).
1. Major depressive disorder — prolonged and persistent periods of extreme sadness
2. Bipolar disorder — also called manic depression or bipolar affective disorder, depression
that includes alternating times of depression and mania
3. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) — a form of depression most often associated with
fewer hours of daylight in the far northern and southern latitudes from late fall to early
spring
4. Cyclothymic disorder — a disorder that causes emotional ups and downs that are less
extreme than bipolar disorder
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12. DISORDER OF MEMORY.
• Memory dysfunction is associated with the entire gamut of neurologic
problems that affect brain function in disorders ranging from epilepsy to
stroke and has growing clinical relevance as the population ages and
Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases increase in
prevalence. In this context, the ability to make early and accurate diagnoses in
patients with subtle memory dysfunction may facilitate the prediction of an
underlying neuropathology and subsequent access to potential disease-
modifying therapies currently in development.
• Loss of memory is known as Amnesia.
• Hyperthymesia, or Hyperthymesic syndrome, is a disorder which
affects an individual's autobiographical memory.
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13. DISORDER OF THOUGHT.
• A thought disorder (TD) is any disturbance in cognition that adversely
affects language and thought content, and thereby communication.
• A variety of thought disorders were said to be characteristic of people
with schizophrenia.
• A content-thought disorder is typically characterized by the experience of
multiple delusional fragments.
• The term, thought disorder, is often used to refer to a formal thought disorder.
• Alogia (also poverty of speech)
• Circumstantial speech (also circumstantial thinking)
• Echolalia – Echoing of another's speech
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14. DISORDER OF INTELLIGENCE.
• Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning
disability and mental retardation (MR),is a
generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly
impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
• It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or
more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living.
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CALCULATION OF INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligence Quotient
• Once the standardization has been accomplished, we have a picture of the average
abilities of people at different ages and can calculate a person’s mental age, which
is the age at which a person is performing intellectually. If we compare the mental
age of a person to the person’s chronological age, the result is the IQ, a measure of
intelligence that is adjusted for age. A simple way to calculate IQ is by using the
following formula:
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IQ = mental age ÷ chronological age × 100.

15. DISORDERS OF INSIGHT AND
JUDGMENT
• The concept of insight in psychiatric discourse has evolved through various stages.
Psychiatrists or ‘the doctors of the soul’ have sincetimes immemorial been curious about the
attitudes and perspectives of persons with mental illness towards their disturbed minds/selves.
Though discussed by alienists in the mid-19th century and few psychopathologists in the early
20th century, the concept has seen a great progress in its understanding over the last 25 years.
The concept has progressed through the following stages:
1. Insight into illness as present or absent dichotomy (e.g., IPSS)
2. One dimensional grading of Insight from Complete Denial (grade 1) to True Emotional
Insight (grade 6). This model incorporated understanding of causation as due to internal or
external factors.
3. Multidimensional models which are referred to as ‘biomedical models’ by their
anthropological critics.
4. The socio-cultural modifications of multidimensional models and the concept of Narrative
Insight.
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ANY QUESTION
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Mental illness 2020

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