Personality disorders are enduring patterns of thinking, perceiving, and relating to oneself and others that lead to distress and impairment. They can be classified categorically using systems like the DSM-5 or dimensionally based on traits. The DSM-5 identifies 10 specific personality disorders divided into 3 clusters based on common characteristics. Estimates suggest 10-23% of the general population has a personality disorder. Assessment of severity, social functioning, and attribution can provide additional classification details beyond categorical diagnosis.

1. Dr.SRIRAM.R

2. Allport in 1937 defined personality as “the
dynamic organization within the individual
of those psychophysical systems that
determine his unique adjustments to his
environment”
Mischel in 1976 told that it consists of “the
distinctive patterns of behavior, including
thoughts and emotions that
characterzeeach individual’s adaptation to
the situations of his or her life”

3. Traits are ENDURING patterns of
thinking/perceiving/relating about environment and
oneself which are exhibited in a wide range of
social/personal contexts
DSM IV-TR – “Enduring subjective experiences and
behavior that deviate from cultural standards, are
rigidly pervasive, have an onset in adolescence or early
adulthood, are stable through time, and lead to
unhappiness and impairment”
When personality TRAITS are rigid and maladaptive,
and produce funtional impairment or subjective
distress  DISORDER

4.  Categorical Classification -
ICD-10 (F60 Specific PD)-WHO
DSM-5-American Psychiatric Association
Millon’s description
 Additional classification – Severity, Social
functioning and Attribution
 Dimensional Classification - (ICD-11?)
Thomas Widiger’s Five-factor model

5. a. Marked disharmonious attitude and behaviour
involving several areas of functioning
b. Enduring/long standing
c. Pervasive and maladaptive
d. Childhood to adulthood
e. Personal distress
f. Socio-occupational dysfunction

6. F60 Specific personality disorders
F60.0 Paranoid personality disorder
F60.1 Schizoid personality disorder
F60.2 Dissocial personality disorder
F60.3 Emotionally unstable personality disorder
.30 Impulsive type
.31 Borderline type
F60.4 Histrionic personality disorder
F60.5 Anankastic personality disorder
F60.6 Anxious [avoidant] personality disorder
F60.7 Dependent personality disorder
F60.8 Other specific personality disorders
F60.9 Personality disorder, unspecified
F61 Mixed and other personality disorders
F61.0 Mixed personality disorders
F61.1 Troublesome personality changes

7. Cluster A (odd disorders) “MAD CLUSTER”
Paranoid personality disorder (301.0): characterized
by a pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of
others, interpreting motivations as malevolent
Schizoid personality disorder (301.20): lack of interest
and detachment from social relationships, and
restricted emotional expression
Schizotypal personality disorder (301.22/F21 SSD ICD-
10): a pattern of extreme discomfort interacting
socially, distorted cognitions and perceptions

8. Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders)
“BAD CLUSTER”
Antisocial personality disorder(301.7/DISSOCIAL PD IN ICD-
10): a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the
rights of others, lack of empathy
Borderline personality disorder(301.83): pervasive pattern of
instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior
and affects often leading to self-harm and impulsivity
Histrionic personality disorder(301.50): pervasive pattern
of attention-seeking behavior and excessive emotions
Narcissistic personality disorder(301.81/F60.81 OTHER PD ICD-
10): a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and
a lack of empathy

9. Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)
“SAD CLUSTER”
Avoidant personality disorder (301.82): pervasive
feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy, extreme
sensitivity to negative evaluation
Dependent personality disorder (301.6): pervasive
psychological need to be cared for by other people.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (301.4/
Anankastic PD in ICD-10): characterized by rigid
conformity to rules, perfectionism and control

10. the most common estimations range of all
P.D. is about 10-23%.
Paranoid 0.5-2.5%
Schizoid ?%
Schizotypal 3%
Antisocial 3%
Borderline 2%
Histrionic 2-3%
Narcissistic less than 1%
Avoidant 0.5-1%
Dependent >2.5%

11. Paranoid personality disorder
(1) Excessive sensitivity to setbacks and rebuffs
(2) Bear grudges persistently
(3) Suspiciousness and misconstruing
(4) Personal rights
(5) Sexual fidelity suspicions
(6) Self-referential attitude
(7) “Conspiratorial" explanations

12. Schizoid personality disorder
(1) Few, if any, activities provide pleasure
(2) emotional coldness
(3) Inability to express feelings
(4) indifference to praise/criticism
(5) little sexual interest
(6) solitary activities
(7) preoccupation with fantasy /introspection
(8) No confiding relationships
(9) insensitivity to social norms /conventions

13. Dissocial personality disorder
(1) unconcern for the feelings of others
(2) irresponsibility and disregard for social norms,
rules, obligations
(3) incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, no
difficulty in establishing them
(4) low tolerance for frustration/aggression
(5) incapacity to experience guilt or to profit from
adverse experience
(6) blame others and rationalize their behaviour

14. Emotionally unstable personality disorder
Impulsive type
(1) tendency to act unexpectedly without
consideration of the consequences
(2) quarrelsome behavior/conflicts with others
(3) behavioral explosions and inability to control
(4) difficulty in maintaining any course of action that
offers no immediate reward
(5) unstable mood

15. Emotionally unstable personality disorder
Borderline type
At least three of the symptoms mentioned in criterion for
impulsive type, and:
(1) disturbances in and uncertainty about self-image, aims, and
internal preferences
(2) liability to become involved in intense and unstable
relationships, often leading to emotional crises
(3) excessive efforts to avoid abandonment
(4) recurrent threats or acts of self-harm
(5) chronic feelings of emptiness

16. Histrionic personality disorder
(1) self-dramatization, theatricality, or exaggerated expression
of emotions
(2) suggestibility
(3) labile affectivity
(4) continual seeking for excitement and activities in which is
the center of attention
(5) seductiveness in appearance or behavior
(6) overconcern with physical attractiveness
Egocentricity, continuous longing for appreciation, lack of
consideration for others, and persistent manipulative
behavior complete the clinical picture, but are not required
for the diagnosis.

17. Anankastic personality disorder
(1) feelings of excessive doubt and caution
(2) preoccupation with details, rules, order, organization, or
schedule
(3) perfectionism that interferes with completion
(4) conscientiousness and scrupulousness
(5) preoccupation with productivity to the exclusion of
pleasure and relationships
(6) pedantry and adherence to conventions
(7) rigidity/stubbornness/unwelcome thoughts and impulses
(8) unreasonable insistence that others submit to exactly way
of doing things, or unreasonable reluctance to way of doing
of them

18. Anxious (avoidant) personality disorder
(1) persistent feelings of tension and apprehension
(2) Inferior to others attitude
(3) Cannot stand criticism/rejection
(4) unwillingness to become involved with people unless
certain of being liked
(5) restrictions in lifestyle because of need for physical
security
(6) avoidance of social or occupational activities that involve
significant interpersonal contact, because of fear of
criticism, disapproval, or rejection.

19. Dependent personality disorder
(1) encouraging or allowing others to make the most of one's
important life decisions
(2) subordination of own needs to others on whom is
dependent, and compliance with their wishes
(3) unwillingness to make reasonable demands on the people
one depends on
(4) feeling uncomfortable or helpless when alone, because of
exaggerated fears of inability to care for oneself
(5) preoccupation with fears of being left to care for oneself
(6) limited capacity to make everyday decisions without an
advice and reassurance from others

20. Theodore Millon was a psychologist, and he
proposed a system of classification of personality
disorders
These included all the types of personality
disorders previously discussed, plus there were in
addition, 4 more
These are Depressive, passive-aggressive
(negativistic), sadistic and self defeating
(masochistic)

22. [21] Tyrer, P. (2000) Personality Disorders: Diagnosis, Management and Course. Second Edition. London:
Arnold Publishers Ltd., pp. 126–32.

23. There are several advantages to classifying
personality disorder by severity:
Addresses comorbidity
Represents the influence of personality disorder
on clinical outcome
This system accommodates the new diagnosis
of severe personality disorder, particularly
"dangerous and severe personality disorder"
(DSPD)

24. TYPE R - Do not recognize any abnormality
and defend valiantly their continued
occupancy of their personality role. This
group have been termed the Type R, or
treatment-resisting personality disorders
TYPE S - treatment-seeking ones, who are keen
on altering their personality disorders and
sometimes clamor for treatment
Cluster C are mostly Type S, Cluster A
personality disorders significantly more likely to
be Type R

25. Source: Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “description of personality”: The big-five factor
structure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59, 1216–1229.
“MALADAPTIVE TRAITS/DIMENSIONS”