1. The document discusses emotions, emotional tension or stress, and neurosis. It defines these concepts and describes the stages of stress including alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. 2. It then focuses on depression as a type of neurosis. It provides details on the symptoms, types (clinical, minor, bipolar), what happens in the brain, and treatments for depression. 3. The role of serotonin in depression and how SSRIs are commonly used to treat depression by increasing serotonin levels is also summarized.

1. CRIMEAN FEDERAL
UNIVERSITY
EMOTIONALTENSION AND
NEUROSIS OF HNA
BY – RUSHI DAVE
GROUP - 218

2. EMOTION
• a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood,
or relationships with others.
• instinctive or intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge

3. EMOTIONS
• Emotion is, in everyday speech, a person's state of mind and instinctive
responses, but scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there
is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is
often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition,
and motivation

4. TYPES OF EMOTIONS
• Affection , Anger , Boredom ,Confidence , Contempt , Depression , Desire ,
Disappointment , Disgust , Regret , Shame , Pleasure , Love etc

5. EMOTIONALTENSION OR STRESS
• A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or
very demanding circumstances

6. STAGES OF STRESS
• ALARM REACTION
• RESISTANCE
• EXHAUSTION

7. ALARM REACTION
• Any physical, emotional, or mental upset will cause an instantaneous reaction by
the body to combat the stressor.This physical response is well known as the "fight-
or-flight" reaction.The “fight or flight” reaction sends a tremendous burst of
adrenaline to all parts of the body—the blood vessels, heart, stomach, kidneys,
lungs, eyes, muscles, and more. If the stress is short-term (acute) or not severe (in
biological terms, a short time would be a few hours, perhaps even a couple of
days), we quickly recover without any detrimental effect to the body. If the stress is
chronic or long-term, the body's resistance is affected, making us more susceptible
to illness or disease.

8. RESISTANCE
• At the resistance stage, the body tries to become balanced (a process called
homeostasis).You may think you can handle anything because the stress
symptoms noticed in the alarm stage have now calmed down—until you
become completely exhausted. As the stress continues, you may suffer with
fatigue, sleep problems, and an overall malaise. If you get poor sleep, you
may become quite irritable and have difficulty concentrating or being
productive at home or work.This creates even more stress and a vicious
cycle has started.

9. EXHAUSTION
• After combating stress for days to weeks, the body shuts down completely.
Sometimes after days of unending stress, the body succumbs to illness—
either a viral or bacterial infection. If you look back over a period of several
years, you may find that the times you developed a cold or flu were
immediately after a stressful event in your life.

10. NEUROSIS
• Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but
neither delusions nor hallucinations. Neurotic behavior is typically within
socially acceptable limits. Neurosis may also be
called psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder.

11. NEUROSIS
1) Neurosis is a general term
referring to mental distress
that, unlike psychosis, does
not prevent rational thought
or daily functioning.
2) A neurotic retains the ability
to perceive reality, and to
control his consciousness and
his actions (this control is
merely more difficult for him
than for a healthy person).
PSYCHOSIS
1) Psychosis is a generic
psychiatric term for a
mental state involving the
loss of contact with reality,
causing the deterioration of
normal social functioning.
2) a psychotic is presumed to
suffer from a total break
with reality and to have no
control over his actions or
the operations of his
consciousness (and even
this is not always true).

12. NEUROSIS
•Anxiety Disorder
•Somatoform Disorder
•Dissociative Disorder
•Mood Disorder

13. Depression

14. 1.Severe despondency and dejection, accompanied by feelings of
hopelessness and inadequacy.
2.A condition of mental disturbance, typically with lack of energy and
difficulty in maintaining concentration or interest in life.
What is Depression?
Fact Depression is one of the most
common illnesses found in human beings.

15. What happens in the brain
• Depression may be caused by episodic misfiring of areas of the left frontal
lobe and the left temporal lobe as a result of genetic, environmental, social,
or physiological factors.
• That conclusion coincides with clinical observations that stroke patients are
at greater risk for depression if the stroke is on the left side of the brain,
especially in the left frontal lobe.
Ainsworth, P. (2000). Understanding Depression.

16. Symptoms of Depression
• Feeling sad , empty for too long
• Problems in Sleep pattern and waking up in morning
• Loss of Interest and enjoyment in Hobbies
• Feeling tired, lazy, no energy or zest
• Problems concentrating, thinking clearly, remembering things

17. Symptoms
• Ambivalence, can’t make decisions
• No appetite with weight loss or overeating with weight gain
• Agitation, irritability, physical restlessness
• Loss of interest or enjoyment in sex
• Persistent thoughts of death or suicide
• Physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomach distress, chest pain,
chronic pain) that won’t go away despite treatment

18. ThreeTypes of Depression
• Clinical Depression (Major Depression)
•Minor (Dysthymia)
•Bipolar Disorder

19. Clinical Depression• Over two weeks of intense
sadness, and five other recognized
symptoms (Paolucci, Paolucci, and
Buckley 5).
• Intense and severe consequences
that disrupt one’s personal and
professional life (Paolucci,
Paolucci, and Buckley 5).
• Positron EmissionTomography
(PET) Scan often used to see
shrinkage of the hippocampus and
frontal lobe (Sweeney 230).
• Can occur and reoccur in episodes
throughout one’s life, but clinical
depression is more often an
ongoing syndrome in those
diagnosed. (“Position Emission Tomography
Scan of the Brain for Depression”)

20. Minor Depression
• Often referred to as Dysthymia
• Symptoms are same as major depression, and occur for at least two years
but at a lower level and do not completely disrupt one’s life (Paolucci,
Paolucci, and Buckley 6).
• Chances likely to develop major depression if symptoms go untreated
(Ainsworth 17).
• Physical shrinkage of the brain less obvious, unless it develops into major
depression.

21. Bipolar Depression
• Two-sided disease of highs and lows
• High Stage-Individual has lots of energy, mind races, unable to formulate
clear and complete thoughts (Ainsworth 19).
• Low Stage-Depressed state, usually recognized as Major Depression
(Ainsworth 19).
• Person can have gradual change in between these stages or the change can
be rapid and sudden between stages.

22. Depression in the Brain
(Refer to Figure 1 on the next slide)
• Increased emotion in left brain in Amygdala and right
hemisphere of frontal cortex (Sweeney 232).
• Decreased activity in right hemisphere of Amygdala and left
hemisphere of frontal cortex (Sweeney 232).
• Less neurotransmitters in frontal lobe and Amygdala shown to
lead to Depression, based on an imbalance of these
neurotransmitters (Sweeney 232).

23. Serotonin
• Serotonin is a chemical
neurotransmitter that transmits signals
in the brain (Ainsworth 72).
• Imbalance in Serotonin can influence
mood and emotions (Ainsworth 72).
• Doctors have placed a great emphasis
on researching Serotonin and its
relationship to Depression.
• Problems in the brain with low levels of
Serotonin: the brain being unable to
receive Serotonin and/or an overall
shortage of Serotonin in the brain are
being linked to Depression and it’s
symptoms (Sweeney 232).

24. Treatment
• Medical treatments such as Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa, and Paxil are
the most common and are referred to as “Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors” (SSRIs) (Sweeney 232).
• These treatments increase production of Serotonin and help
block the breakdown of Serotonin to promote the “lifespan” of
the molecule (Ainsworth 93).
• SSRI in combination with therapy often have good affects on
patients (Gledhill, Hodes 4).

25. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• Anxiety Disorders
• Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders
• Feeding and Eating Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Neurocognitive Disorders
• Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• Personality Disorders
• Sleep-Wake Disorders