A mentally healthy person can maintain self-esteem, fulfill relationships, realize their potential, and cope with life stresses. Mental health refers to a state of well-being where one can be productive, make contributions, and maintain mental and interpersonal functioning, even amidst change or stress. Mental illness occurs when this state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being is disturbed, resulting in symptoms like depression or anxiety that impair daily life. Mental illness has biological, psychological, social, and physiological causes.

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In our society, a mentally healthy person:
 Has self-esteem, self-acceptance
 Is realizing potential
 Is able to maintain fulfilling relationships
 Has a sense of psychological well-being
 Has sense of autonomy
 Has sense of competence, mastery, purpose

3.  Mental health describes a level of
psychological well-being , or an absence of a
mental disorder.
 TheWorld Health Organization defines
mental health as "a state of well-being in
which the individual realizes his or her own
abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of
life, can work productively and fruitfully, and
is able to make a contribution to his or her
community".

4.  Mental health refers to the maintenance of
successful mental activity.
 Maintaining productive daily activities and
maintaining fulfilling relationships with
others.
 Maintaining the abilities to adapt to change
and to cope with stresses.

5.  Mental health is a state of balance between
the individual and the surrounding world, a
state of harmony between oneself and
others, a coexistence between the realities of
the self and that of other people and
environment.
R.Sreevani

6.  An adjustment of human beings to the world
and to each other with a maximum of
effectiveness and happiness.
Karl menninger

7.  Mental and behavioural disorders are
understood as clinically significant conditions
characterized by alterations in thinking,
mood(emotions) or behaviour associated
with personal distress and/or impaired
functioning.
WHO, 2001

8.  According to K. Bimala, mental illness occurs
when a state of physical, mental , social and
spiritual well being is disturbed. In illness the
individuals shows symptoms like depression,
feeling of anxiety, physical complaints
without any organic cause and a sudden
change in behaviour or mood.

9.  Mental illness is maladjustment in living.
 It produces disharmony in the person’s ability
to meet human needs comfortably or
effectively and function within a culture.

10.  Changes in one’s thinking, memory, perception,
feeling and adjustment resulting in changes in
talk and behaviour which appear to be deviant
from previous personality or from the norms of
community.
 These changes in behaviour cause distress and
suffering to the individual or others or both.
 Changes and the consequent distress cause
disturbance in day-to-day activities, work and
relationship with important others (social and
vocational dysfunction).

11.  Biological factors
 Psychological factors
 Physiological factors
 Social factors

12.  Heredity
 Biochemical factors: disturbance in neurotransmitters
found in brain
 Prenatal damage: disruption of early fetal brain
development or trauma that occurs at the time of
birth.
 Brain damage: any damage to structure and
functioning of brain. Damage can result due to
infections, head injury, intoxication, brain tumors,
vitamin B complex deficiency, malnutrition, alteration
in brain function due to change in glucose levels, fluid
and electrolyte disturbance, etc.

13.  Physical defects and physical illness: acute
physical illness and chronic illnesses with
their handicapping conditions may result in
loss of mental capacities.

14.  Some specific personality types. Example :
Those who are unsocial and reserved.
 Strained IPR at home, work place, loss of job,
bereavement, etc.
 Childhood insecurities
 Social and recreational deprivement resulting in
boredom, isolation and alienation.
 Marriage problems
 Sexual difficulties
 Stress, frustrations.

15.  Puberty, menstruation, delivery, puerperium,
climacteric

16.  Poverty, unemployment, injustice, insecurity,
migration, urbanization.
 gambling, alcoholism, prostitution, broken
homes, very large family, etc.

17.  Disturbance in bodily functions
- Sleep disturbance
- Appetite and food intake
- Bowel and bladder movements
- Sexual desire and activity
- Multiple physical symptoms

18.  Changes in mental function
- emotions(feelings)
- Talk and thinking
- Perception: illusion, hallucination (auditory,
visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile)
- Disturbance of memory
- Disorder of consciousness
- Intelligence
- insight

19.  Disorder of motor activity
- Posturing
- negativism: motiveless resistance to all
commands and attempts to be moved, or doing
just the opposite.
- Echolalia: repetition or mimicking of the
interviewer’s words.
- Echopraxia: repetition or mimicking of actions
observed.
- Waxy flexibility: parts of body can be placed in
positions that will be maintained for long
periods of time, even if very uncomfortable.

20. - Stupor: does not react to his surroundings
and appear to be unaware of them.
- Tics: irregular repeated movements involving
a group of muscles
- Mannerisms: repeated movements that
appear to have some functional significance
eg saluting.
- Stereotypes: repeated movements that are
regular and without significance.

21.  Disorders of form of thought:
- Flight of ideas
- Neologism
- obsessions

22.  Disorders of content of thought
- Persecution delusions
- Delusions of grandeur
- Delusions of reference
- Nihilistic delusion
- Hypochondriac delusions
- Delusions of control

23.  Change in individual and social activities

24.  MI cannot be cured.
 MI are caused by result of past life orGodsas
punishment for the sin or by ghosts, mohoni,
black magic, paap ,witchcraft.
 MI is contagious,
 All the mentally ill people are mad.
 MI is hereditary.
 MI are violent and dangerous.
 Marriage can cure MI.
 Dhami and jhakri can treat MI.

25.  MI cannot perform any creative work.
 Mental ill person would not be ablel totake
any responsibility throughout his whole life.
 MI are of same nature.
 Hysteria is caused by unsatisfied sexual need.

26.  Making use of media of mass communication.
 Conducting public lecture, organizing mental
health exhibitions and distributing pamphlets.
 Group discussions involving selected groups like
teachers, local leaders, traditional healers, etc
 Encouraging the community to visit mental
health centers.
 Advising the family to participate in treatment
programs.
 extending psychiatric services to general
hospital.
 Demonstrating the usefulness of treatment.