The document discusses the menstrual cycle and menstruation. It defines menstruation and explains that it occurs monthly in women from menarche to menopause due to shedding of the uterine lining. It describes the typical duration and amount of menstrual bleeding. It then explains the hormonal changes involved in the ovarian and uterine cycles and the four phases of the menstrual cycle - menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal. It discusses normal characteristics of menstruation and comfort measures during menstruation.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
Perineal care involves washing the external genitalia and surrounding with soap and water or with water alone or in combination with any commercially prepared peri-wash.
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
hot application in fundamental of nursing, include of definition,purpose,therapeutic effect,effect on physiology,and sencondery,procedure of appplying hot application on patient with the intervention
Perineal care involves washing the external genitalia and surrounding with soap and water or with water alone or in combination with any commercially prepared peri-wash.
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
hot application in fundamental of nursing, include of definition,purpose,therapeutic effect,effect on physiology,and sencondery,procedure of appplying hot application on patient with the intervention
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Introduction :
Typically, a woman of childbearing age should menstruate every 28 days or so unless she's pregnant or moving into menopause. But numerous things can wrong with the normal menstrual cycle.
Definition:
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused by shedding of progestational endometrium it occurs between menarche and menopause
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period)
Characteristics of normal menstruation
1-Menarche: 10-16 years. average 13 years.
2-Duration: 2-7 days (<2days>7 days is menorrhagia
3-Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day, >80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml. is hypomenorrhea.
4-Normally menstrual blood doesn’t coagulate as a result of secretion of fibrinolysin enzyme (plasmin) secreted by the endometrium.
5-Menstrual molimina refers to mild symptoms of 7-10 days before menstruation relieved once menstruation occurs exaggerated condition called (premenstrual syndrome).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:
There are two main components of the menstrual cycle,
1. the changes that happen in the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones (the ovarian cycle)
2. and the variations that take place in the uterus,
but it is important to remember that both cycles work together simultaneously to produce the menstrual cycle.
Changes in cervical mucus also take place during the course of the menstrual cycle.
Physiology for medical students in university.
Assignment done by students to be used for other university students also.
Focus more on the menstruation in female.
Why females living in one dorm menstruate at period and synchronization occur for their period.
Students can understand the reason why this occur and come to common understand the reason.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
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This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
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Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
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Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
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Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
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Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
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India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
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- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
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ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
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Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
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Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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2. INTRODUCTION
Typically a women of child bearing age or reproductive
age (15 -45 years) should menstruate every 28 days or so
unless she is pregnant or moving into menopause.
A menstrual cycle consist of natural changes that occur in
a women body every month in prepration for pregnancy .
Menstruation starts at puberty and ends at menopause
Eumenorrhea is the term for normal menstruation
.
3. DEFINITION
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused
by shedding of progestational endometrium . It
occurs between menarche and menopause .
Menstruation is also called menstrual bleeding ,
Menses or Periods.
OR
The cyclic events that takes place in a rhythmic
manner during the reproductive period of a woman
life is called menstrual cycle .
4. 1. Menarche :- First occurance of menstruation .
Starts at 12 to 16 years . Average 14 years .
2. Menopause :- Permanent cessation of menstrual
cycle . Ends at 45- 50 years.
3. Duration :-2 to 7 days . ( < 2 days in hypomenorrhea
and >7 days in menorrhagia.
4. Amount :- 30 to 80 ml. .>80 ml is menorrhagia & <30
ml is hypomenorrhea.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MENSTRUATION
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL
MENSTRUATION
5 . Coagulation :-
Some authors state that the mixture of mucus with
menstrual blood prevents the clotting of the
menstrual blood .
Others state that the acidity of vaginal secretion is
responsible for non coagulibility .
Some states that it does not clot due to
present in endometrial debris .
7. Components of Menstrual Cycle
There are 2 main components of the menstrual cycle :-
1. Ovarian Cycle
2. Uterine Cycle
Ovarian Cycle :- Changes happen in ovaries in
response to pituitary harmones .
Uterine Cycle :- Changes that takes place in the
uterus .
But it is important to remember that both cycles work
simultaneously to produce menstrual cycle .
Changes in the cervical mucus also takes place during
menstrual cycle .
8. OVARIAN CYCLE
The ovarian cycle refers to periodic changes that
occur in the ovary every month during the female
reproductive life .
Cyclical changes in the ovaries occur in response to 2
anterior pituitary harmones .
1. Follicle stimulating harmone (FSH)
2. Luteinizing harmone ( )
9. UTERINE CYCLE
The uterine cycle refers to changes that are found in
the lining of the uterus
The changes come about in response to the ovarian
harmones :-
1. Estrogen
2.
10.
11. PHASES OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
There are 4 phases of menstrual cycle .
1. Menstrual phase
2. Follicular OR preovulatory OR proliferative phase
3. Ovulation OR Ovulatory phase
4. Luteal OR Post ovulatory OR secretary Phase
12.
13. Menstrual Phase
It is called Bleeding phase .
Average duration of this phase is 3-5 days .
Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is marked by onset of
menstruation.
During the menstrual phase the uterine lining is shed
because of .
The menstrual flow consist of the secretions from the
endometrial gland , endometrial cells , blood from the
degenerating capillaries and unfertilized ovum.
The menstrual phase ends when menstrual period stops
on day 5.
14. Follicular &Pre ovulatory and Proliferative
phase
This phase of the cycle extends from the day 5th of
the menstrual phase till the time of ovulation .
This phase generally lasts for 8-9 days .
During this phase some 10 - 15 primordial follicles
start maturing .
But only one follicle of one of the ovaries reaches
maturity .
The mature follicle is called which
secretes estrogen .
Estrogen has a negative feedback on the FSH .
This is to stop the other follicles from maturing .
15. Follicular &Pre ovulatory and Proliferative
phase
Estrogen has another function also.
It causes LH level to rise further.
16. OVULATORY PHASE
Estrogen peak stimulates the secretion of LH.
LH peak leads to :-
The follicle to burst open releasing the mature ovum .
This is called as ovulation .
Ovulation occurs on 14 th day of each 28 day cycle .
17. LUTEAL or POSTOVULATORY or SECRETARY PHASE
This phase starts from day 15 and last till the end
of cycle that is from day 15 to 28.
After ovulation LH levels remains elevated and
cause the remnants of the follicle to develop into a
yellow body called corpus luteum .
mainly :-
Corpus luteum
1. Estrogen
2. Progesterone
These 2 harmones function to maintain the lining
of the uterus that is endometrium and prepare it
for pregnancy
18. LUTEAL PHASE
When there is no fertilization for about 7-8 days
then degeneration of corpus luteum starts .
Due to corpus luteum degeneration level of
estrogen and progesterone also falls down .
Corpus luteum then changes to corpus albicans
and then it is reabsorbed .
Cells or lining of endometrium develops a
condition of ischemia . So they starts to fall
down or there shedding starts .
And women is once again at the day 1 of
menstrual cycle .
19.
20.
21. CERVICAL MUCUS CHANGES
Changes in cervical mucus takes place over the
course of the menstrual cycle.
During the menstrual phase the mucosa of cervix
does not undergo shedding off like endometrium.
As proliferative phase begins the cervix begins to
produce a thin watery alkaline secretions .
At the time of ovulation the cervical mucus is
thinnest and its elasticity is maximum. .
22. Cervical mucus changes
It can be stretched like a long thin elastic thread upto
8 to 12 cm . This is called Spinnbarkeit Effect . This
nature of cervical mucus favours the tansport of
sperms in the female genital tract and makes the
condition favourable for fertilization .
After ovulation cervical secretions decrease in
quantity and becomes thick . These changes make a
plug and prevent entry of sperm through cervical
canal .
25. Comfort measures during menstruation
Sanitary pads and tampoons
Vaginal spray and douching
SANITARY PADS AND TAMPOONS :-
Wash hands before and after giving self perineal
care .
Washing or wiping the perinum should be always
from front to back.
Use tampoons only for heavy menstrual flow.
26. Comfort measures during menstruation
Vaginal spray & douching :-
Spray should be used externally only ;
not with pads .
Should not be applied with broken ,
irritated or itched skin.
Douching washes away natural mucus ,
thus liable to infecton.
27. HEALTH
EDUCATION
Advise that heating pads may be very
effective for cramps.
Advise all womens to keep self and her
genitals clean.
Use cotton pads for better absorption of the
blood and to maintain hygiene .
ased on the need and
amount of bleeding.
Do not dispose the soiled pads into the toilet
and drains; it may get blocked .
Clean your bathroom , wash your clothing
and dry under the sun .
28. BIBLIOGRAP
HY
1. Jacob Annamma. Midwifery and Gynaecological nursing. 5th edition. New
Delhi: Jaypee publishers; 2019. p.46-49
2. Magon Shally .Midwifery and Obstetrics. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Lotus
publishers; 2013.p.900
3. https://www.slideshare.net>mobile
4. https://www.better health.vic.gov.in
5. https://www.stay.free .in