1. • -Memory is the ability of an organism to store, retain, and
recall information and experiences.
• -Memory is a complex brain-wide process that does not
only occur in one specific region of the brain.
2. • We remember things by association. Each piece of
information is linked to other information in some way or
another. The more you know about a particular topic, the
easier it is to remember or learn new things about that
topic because you have more “hooks” for the new
information to hook onto.
4. • Requires paying attention.
• The strength of the memory may depend upon the type
or amount of attention paid to stimuli.
• Strategies to maximize encoding include, minimizing
distractions, and managing study time effectively.
• Involves analyzing material instead of only trying to
memorize it.
• Involves using associative memory techniques.
5. • Retains the information gathered in the initial stages of
encoding.
• The information passes into sensory memory as the brain
processes sensations, such as sight and sounds.
• Some information gets processed into short-term
memory, and a small amount makes it long-term memory.
6. • -Retrival has two parts:
• Recall and Recognition
• Recall involves memories of previously thought
out information.
• Recognition involves identification of learned
items.
7. • The hippocampus is a horse-shoe shaped area of the
brain that plays an important role in consolidating
information from short-term memory into long-term
memory. It is part of the limbic system. The hippocampus
is involved in such complex processes as forming,
organizing, and storing memories.
8. • The limbic system is the collective name for
structures in the human brain involved in
emotion, motivation, and emotional association
with memory. It affects motivation and is more
active in extroverts and risk-takers than in
introverts and cautious people.
• The limbic system plays its role in the formation
of memory by integrating emotional states with
stored memories of physical sensations.
9. • Emotions improve memory. Memories get encoded in
different ways in the brain depending on whether they
have emotional content.
• Simple memories with out an emotional content get
encoded by the hippocampus.
• The amygdala takes on a more significant role with
memories that do have emotional content, which then
communicates with the hypothalamus.
• The hypothalamus then sets off the release of hormones
and neurotransmitters.
10. -Your brain works a lot like a computer.
…Your brain puts information it judges important into “files.”
When you remember something, you pull up a file. As people
grow older, it may take longer to retrieve those files.
-Medline Plus
-We experiences and events which are happening now, so memory differs from
perception. We remember events which really happened, so memory is unlike pure
imagination.
-Stanford
-Simply put, memory makes us. It provides us with a sense of self. If we could not recall
the who’s, what’s, where’s, and when’s of everyday lives, we would never be able to
manage.
-We mull over ideas in the present with our short-term (or working) memory, while we
store past events and learned meanings in our long-term (episodic or semantic) memory.
-Psychology Today
-Memories that contain emotional content get an extra “kick” from the amygdala,
encoding them more powerfully.
-Information only stays in short-term memory for about 20-30 seconds.
11.
12. • About.com.psychology, (2012), The New York Times Company,
psychology.about.com/od/memory/ss/ten-facts-about-memory_2.htm
• Medline Plus, A Service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, NIH National
Institutes of Health, www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/memory.html
• Psychology Today, (2012), Sussex Publishers,
www.psychologytoday.com/basics/memory
• Sutton, John, “Memory”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(summer 2010
edition), Edward N. Zalta,
URL=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2010/entries/memory/>
• Sweeny, Micheal, “Brain: The Complete Mind”, National Geographic, Washington,
D.C.
• Weiner, Martha, “ Where Did I Leave My Glasses?” (2008), Wellness Central,
Hachette Book Group USA, New York.
• Wikipedia, “Memory”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory.
