Today's topic is Memory, Its Components, How Information Becomes Memory, Its Types; wrt Information Research Perspectives, Seven Sins of Memory, Strategies to Improve Memory, Memory in Plants with examples....

1. Memory

3. Introduction
 Memory is the faculty of the mind
responsible for encoding, storing, and
retrieving information.
 It influences our perceptions, behaviors,
and interactions with the world.

4. Components
 Memory operates through sensory processing, short-
term memory, and long-term memory.
 Sensory memory captures fleeting impressions, short-
term memory serves as an encoding and retrieval
processor, and long-term memory stores information
categorically.

5. How
information
becomes
Memory
 Sensory Memory: Briefly retains sensory information
like visual, auditory, and touch stimuli.
 Short-term Memory: Holds information temporarily,
with limited capacity and duration.
 Long-term Memory: Stores vast quantities of
information for extended periods, including episodic
and semantic memories.

6. Sensory
Memory
 Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory where
sensory information is briefly retained.
 It briefly retains sensory information from the
environment before it either decays or moves to short-
term memory for further processing.

7. Types
 Iconic Memory: Stores visual information for a short
duration.
 Echoic Memory: Retains auditory information briefly.
 Haptic Memory: Represents touch stimuli.

8. Duration
 It holds a large amount of information for a very brief
duration, typically less than a second.

9. ShortTerm
Memory
 Limited capacity, holding about 4-5 items.
 Chunking can increase memory capacity by grouping
information into meaningful units.
 Relies on acoustic coding for storing information.

10. Duration
 The commonly cited capacity of 7 items, found in
Miller’s Law, has been superseded by 4±1 items
 The limited duration of short-term memory (~18
seconds without rehearsal) suggests that its contents
spontaneously decay over time.

11. Types
1. Verbal Short-Term Memory: Involves the temporary
storage and manipulation of verbal information, such
as remembering a phone number long enough to dial
it.
2. Visual Short-Term Memory: Pertains to the
temporary retention and manipulation of visual
information, such as recalling a sequence of shapes or
colors.
3. Spatial Short-Term Memory: Focuses on the
temporary storage and manipulation of spatial
information, like remembering the layout of a room or
a map.
4. Auditory Short-Term Memory: Involves the temporary
storage and manipulation of auditory information,
such as remembering a sequence of sounds or notes.
5. Tactile Short-Term Memory: Relates to the temporary
storage and manipulation of tactile information, such
as remembering the feel or texture of an object.

13. LongTerm
Memory
 Long-term memory is the vast repository of
information stored in the brain for an extended period.
It includes experiences, facts, skills, and procedures
accumulated throughout one’s life.

14. Duration
 Long-term memory stores information for an extended
period, ranging from minutes to years, or even a
lifetime.
 Memories stored in long-term memory can be retrieved
consciously or unconsciously.

16. Types
 Implicit (Declarative) Memory
 Explicit (Non-Declarative) Memory

17. ExplicitMemory
 Explicit Memory, also known as Declarative Memory,
is type of memory that involves information that is
consciously recalled and can be verbally described.
 It is further subdivided into two types:
 Episodic Memory: This is the memory of specific events or
episodes, such as your first day of school or a recent
vacation.
 Semantic Memory: This type involves general knowledge
and facts that are not tied to any specific event or time, like
knowing that Paris is the capital of France.

18. Implicit
Memory
 Implicit memory refers to the retention of information
without conscious awareness.
 It is further divided into:
 Procedural Memory: This involves the memory of how to
perform certain tasks or activities, like riding a bike or
tying shoelaces.
 Priming: Priming occurs when exposure to one stimulus
influences the response to another stimulus, often without
conscious awareness.
 Classical Conditioning: This type of memory involves
associations between stimuli that result in learned
responses, as demonstrated by Pavlov’s famous experiments
with dogs.

19. Perspectives for
Types of Memory

20. Perspectives
 There are two perspectives for the types of Memory:
1. Information Perspective
2. Research Perspective

21. Research
Perspective
 The information processing perspective views memory
as a system that involves several stages, including
encoding, storage, and retrieval. This perspective helps
explain how information is processed and stored in
memory.

22. Types
 There are two types:
1. Recognition Memory: Recognizing previously
encountered stimuli.
2. Recall Memory: Retrieving previously learned
information.

24. Information
Perspective
 The research perspective for types of memory involves
the systematic investigation of various memory
phenomena, including their cognitive processes, neural
mechanisms, development, and disorders.
 Researchers employ diverse methodologies and
theoretical frameworks to study the different types of
memory and understand their underlying mechanisms.

25. Types
 There are two types:
1. Topographical Memory: Orienting oneself in space.
2. Flashbulb Memory: Clear recollections of highly
emotional events.

27. 7 Sinsof
Memory
 The “Seven Sins of Memory” is a concept introduced by
Daniel Schacter, a well-known and prominent
psychologist, in his book “7 Sins of Memory: How the
Mind Forgets and Remember”.
 These are:
1. Transience
2. Absent-mindedness
3. Blocking
4. Misattribution
5. Suggestibility
6. Bias
7. Persistence

29. Strategiesfor
Memory
Enhancement:
 Intellectual activity,
 Physical Exercise
 Social Engagement
 Stress Management
 Regular Sleep
 Proper nutrition
 Promote Cognitive Health and Memory

30. In Plants
 Plants lack a specialized organ devoted to memory
retention, so plant memory has been a controversial
topic in recent years.
 New advances in the field have identified the presence
of neurotransmitters in plants, adding to the
hypothesis that plants are capable of remembering.
 Action potentials, a physiological response
characteristic of neurons, have been shown to have an
influence on plants as well, including in wound
responses and photosynthesis.

32. Example
#1
 The Venus Flytrap in the eastern United States has
rudimentary memory, snapping shut when prey
triggers its three trigger hairs. Closure only happens
when two hairs are stimulated within thirty seconds,
conserving energy for efficient prey capture.

33. Example
#2
 Mimosa Pudica plants exhibit memory by reducing
their leaf-curling response after repeated dropping
experiments. Shaking post-experiment restored normal
reactions, confirming memory over exhaustion. A
month later, plants retained this memory, indicating
long-term memory capability.

34. Conclusion
 Memory serves as a cornerstone of human cognition
and adaptation.
 Understanding its complexities enriches our
understanding of cognition, behavior, and adaptation
across various organisms, including humans and
plants.