medical instrumentation system for biomedical engineers

 Lecture Plan
FINAL YEAR BE (Electronics & Telecomm. Engg.)
Semester: Eighth ( Spring)

Name of Subject: BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
(Subject code: 8XT-4)

Session: 2018-19
Subject Teacher: Prof. V. M. Umale

The total no. of lectures: 44 (clock hours)
1
VM Umale Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

Syllabus
2
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.
VM Umale
UNIT-1 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering:
Physiological system of heart, Man Instrument System,
Sources of bioelectric potential, Different bioelectric signals
like ECG, EMG, EEG, Bio-potential electrode theory, basic
electrode, Electrodes for EEG, ECG, EMG, Biochemical
Electrodes, Skin Contact Impedance, Measurement of skin
contact impedance, motion artifacts, Nernst Equation.
UNIT-2 Biomedical recorder and measurement:
Biomedical recorders for EEG, ECG, EMG, blood pressure
variation as a function of time, relationship of heart sound to
a function of the cardiovascular system, measurement of
blood pressure (Direct and Indirect Method), blood flow,
heart sound.
UNIT-3 Medical Imaging System:
Instrumentation for diagnostics, X-rays- basic properties, X-
ray machines, Special imaging techniques. Ultrasonic
imaging systems-physics of ultrasound, biological effect of
ultrasound, ultrasonic A Scan, M Scan, B scan, Real-time
ultrasonic imaging system

Cont…
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VM Umale
UNIT-4 Therapeutic equipments:
Need of Physiological and electrotherapy equipment, Cardiac
pacemaker machines, cardiac defibrillators, Nerve and
Muscle stimulators, Diathermy- Short-wave, Microwave,
Ultrasonic
UNIT-5 Patient care, monitoring and safety:
System concepts, bedside patient monitors, central monitors,
Average reading heart rate monitor, Intensive care
monitoring, Ambulatory monitoring, Biotelemetry: single
channel and multichannel biotelemetry, telephonic data
transmission, telemedicine
Patient safety: electric shock hazards, leakage current,
methods of reducing leakage current, precaution to minimize
electric shock hazards
UNIT-6 Computers in biomedical engineering:
Computerized axial tomography(CAT), Computerized aided
ECG analysis, computerized patient monitoring system,
computerized catheterization

LIST OF BOOKS/ PERIODICALS
PRESCRIBED
 T1: Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation,
R S Kandpur, (TMH, New Delhi, 2nd Ed.)
 T2: Biomedical Instrumentation & Measurement,
Comwell L Weibell F , (PHI, Delhi 2nd Ed)
 R1: Computer applications in Medicine,
Dr. R D Lele , (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi)
 R2: Medical Instrumentation,
J G Webstar, (John Wiley & Sons 3rd Ed)
 R3: Biomedical Equipment Technology,
Carr& Brown, (PHI, New Delhi 2nd Ed)
 IEEE transactions on Biomedical Engineering
 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
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VM Umale

* Introduction *
 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering (1-9)
 Biomedical Recorder and Measurement (10-16)
 Medical Imaging System (17-22)
 Therapeutic Equipments (23-29)
 Patient care, Monitoring and Safety (30-37)
 Computers in Biomedical Engineering (38-44)
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UNIT-I
Lectures
required
Topic Books
L1
L2
L3- L4
L5-L6
L7-L8
L9
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering:
Introduction and Man Instrument System,
Sources of Bioelectric Potential, different bioelectric
Signals Like ECG, EMG, EEG,
Bio-potential electrode theory- Basic electrode, Electrodes
for EEG, ECG, EMG, Biochemical Electrodes,
Nernst Equation , Skin contact impedance, Measurement
of skin contact impedance, Motion artifacts,.
Physiological System of Heart
T2
T2, T1
T2, T1
T2, T1
T1,T2
6

UNIT-II
Lectures required Topic Books
L10-L12
L13-L14
L15-L16
Biomedical recorder and measurement
Biomedical recorders for EEG, ECG, EMG,
Blood pressure variation as a function of
time, relationship of heart sound to a
function of the cardiovascular system,
Measurement of blood pressure (Direct and
Indirect Method), Blood flow, heart sound.
T1,T2,
R2
T2, T1
T2,
T1, R3
7

UNIT-III
L17-L18
L19-L20
L21-L22
Medical Imaging System
Instrumentation for diagnostics , X-rays,
basic properties, X-ray machines,
Special imaging techniques. Ultrasonic
imaging systems physics of ultrasound,
biological effect of ultrasound,
Ultrasonic A Scan, B Scan, M Scan,
real-time ultrasonic imaging system
T2, T1
T2, T1
T2, T1
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UNIT-IV
L23
L24
L25
L26-27
L28-29
Therapeutic equipments
Need of Physiological and electrotherapy
equipment,
Cardiac pacemakers,
Cardiac defibrillators,
Nerve and Muscle stimulators, diathermy
Diathermy: Short-wave, Microwave,
ultrasonic
T1
T2, T1
T2, T1
T1
T1
9

UNIT-V
Lectures
required
Topic Books
L30-L33
L34-L35
L36-L37
Patient care, monitoring and safety
System concepts, bedside patient monitors, central
monitors, Average reading heart rate monitor, Intensive
care monitoring, ambulatory monitoring,
Biotelemetry: single channel and multichannel
biotelemetry, telephonic data transmission, telemedicine
Patient safety: electric shock hazards, leakage current,
methods of reducing leakage current, precaution to
minimize electric shock hazards
T2,
T1
T1,
T2
T1,
T2
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UNIT-VI
L38-39
L40-41
L42-43
L44
Computers in biomedical engineering
Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Computerized aided ECG analysis,
Computerized patient monitoring system,
Computerized catheterization
T1
T1, R2
T1, R2
T1
11

Course Objective:
12
A) Course Objective:
 To know about engineering or instrumentation is defined as
science of using measurements.
 The instrumentation is used to measure the biological events
associated with human being or living organism such as
electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencelphalogram (EEG) and
Electromyogram(EMG),and so many.
 The biomedical instrumentation is unique to the field of medicine
but many are adaptation of widely used physical
measurements.
 The study of engineering principles from Biomedical Engineering
involves following interests:
 To understand mechanisms, efficiencies & physical changes of
various sub-systems of the body. To evolve an
instrumentation system for diagnosis, therapy and
supplementation of body function. To obtain qualitative &
quantitative knowledge through different instruments which
can help for analysis of disorders,

13
B) Course Outcomes:
After the course Completion students are able:
1. To acquire the knowledge and analyze the physiological
parameters and illustrate the methods utilized for data
storage, interpret data and analysis.
2. To apply science and engineering to model and design the
medical equipments and to demonstrate the principles
used as a basis for biomedical Instrumentations which
provides a helping tool for the physician in their diagnosis.
3. To acquire the knowledge about the Imaging Systems and
techniques to visualize opaque organs and demonstrate
the functioning of X-ray machines and Ultrasonic Scanners.
4. To possess knowledge about functions and uses of the various
Therapeutic devices and may provide better solution.
5. To illustrate the advanced instrumentation used in patient
safety, monitoring systems like ICU, CathLab, central
monitoring systems and transmission of bio signals using
telemetry principles.
Course Outcomes:

14
COs# COs Statements Programme Outcomes(POs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO1 To acquire the knowledge and analyze the
physiological parameters and illustrate the
methods utilized for data storage, interpret data
and analysis
1 3 2
CO2 To apply science and engineering to model and
design the medical equipments and to
demonstrate the principles used as a basis for
biomedical Instrumentations which provides a
helping tool for the physician in their diagnosis
1 3 2
CO3 To acquire the knowledge about the Imaging
Systems and techniques to visualize opaque
organs and demonstrate the functioning of X-ray
machines and Ultrasonic Scanners
1 2 3
CO4 To possess knowledge about functions and uses
of the various Therapeutic devices and may
provide better solution
1 2 1
CO5 To illustrate the advanced instrumentation used in
patient safety, monitoring systems like ICU,
CathLab, central monitoring systems and
transmission of bio signals using telemetry
principles
1 3 2 3
C) Mapping of COs and POs:
1: Low Contribution, 2: Moderate Contribution, 3: High Contribution
Mapping of COs and POs:

** MAN-INSTRUMENT SYSTEM **
 Conventional Instrumentation system
 Inherent systems in human body
 Basic(general) Block diagram of-
Medical (Man)instrumentation system
 Classification of Instrumentation system
 Objectives of Medical instrumentation system
 Factors to be considered while measurement
15

Conventional instrument system
UNKNOWN
SYSTEM
COMBINATION
OF INPUTS
•Established the
relationship
between inputs
and outputs
•Many outputs
will show wide
range of
responses to a
given set of
inputs
16

Physiological Systems…
Human body contains various types of systems:
ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL
ACOUSTIC
THERMAL
CHEMICAL
HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
OPTICAL
COMPUTER
COMMUNICATION
CONTROL
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Inspired air
Sensation
Liquid intake
Food intake
Identification
Speech
Behavior
Appearance
Expired air
Liquid waste
Food waste
17

Block diagram ……..:
 Basic(General) block diagram of Medical or
Man Instrumentation system.
 Functional components
 Measurand (subject)- stimulus
 Sensors/Transducers
 Signal conditioner-pre amplifier, signal processing
 Output devices - Alarams
-Display
-Data storage
-Data transmission
-Data recording
 Control System
18

Medical(Man) Instrumentation System
Block Diagram
Control
System
19
calibration
Measurend Sensors/
Transducer
Pre Signal
Amp. Processing
(Energy
Sources)
Electric
Light
Infrared
Mech.
Ultrasonic
Alarm
Display
Data storage
Data Trans
Data Rec
Signal conditioner

Man(Medical) instrumentation system
 Includes both the human being(living organism) & the
instrumentation required for measurement of the
parameters related to human being
 Attempts to measure and understand the internal
relationship of the human body organs
 To help the medical clinician and researchers for
obtaining reliable and meaningful measurements from
a human being
 The concept of the man-instrument system is
applicable to both clinical and research
instrumentation
20

Classification of instrumentation system
 Clinical instrumentation
 Research instrumentation
Measurements obtained from such
Instrumentation-
 In-vivo measurement
 In-vitro measurement
21

Factors to be cosidered:
 Factors to be consider for obtaining reliable and
meaningful measurements from a living
organism-
 No endanger to the life of the person
 No undue pain, discomfort, other undesirable
conditions
 Safety consideration
 The hospital environment
 Medical personnel must involved
 Ethical and legal consideration
22

Basic objectives
Basic objectives of
Medical or Man Instrumentation system-
 Information gathering
 Diagnosis
 Evaluation
 Monitoring
 control
23

Constraints in design of Medical Instrumentation
System:
 Measurement range(uv)
 Frequency range(<AF, 0 or Very low freq.)
 Additional Constraints-
 Inaccessibility of the signal source
 Variability of Physiological parameters
 Interface among Physiological systems
 Transducer interface problems
 Higher possibility of artifacts
 Safe levels of applied energy
 Patient safety consideration
 Reliability aspects
 Human factor consideration
 Government regulations
24

General Consideration
Design of Medical Instrumentation System:
 General consideration:
 Signal consideration: Types of sensors, sensitivity, range, input impedance,
frequency response, accuracy, linearity, reliability, differential or absolute input
 Environmental Consideration:
 S/N ratio, Stability, atmospheric temperature, pressure, humidity, vibration,
radiation, etc
 Medical Consideration:
 Invasive or Non-invasive technique, patient discomfort, radiation and heat
dissipation, electrical safety, material toxicity, etc.
 Economic Consideration
 Initial cost, cost and availability of consumables and compatibility with exiting
equipments
25

*** Sources of Bioelectric Potential ***
 Biosignal/Biopotential
o The ionic potential originated with the result of
electrochemical activity of certain special cells/
tissues
o Own monitoring signals, which convey information
about the functions they represent.
o Such signals are associated with nerve conduction,
brain activity, heart activity, muscle activity etc
Ionic voltage Transducer Electric voltage
26
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
VM Umale
Natural Monitoring signal,
helps the physician

L3: Sources of Bioelectric Potential
 Biosignal/Biopotential
Such signals:
o Used for extracting information on a biological
systems(physiological systems)
o Phenomenon that conveys information which is
used for diagnosis
o Process of extracting information could be as
simple as feeling pulse of a person on the wrist or
as complex as analyzing the structure of internal
soft tissues by an ultrasound scanner
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Cont..
S.
No
Signals sources
1 EEG, ENG, EMG Nervous system
2 EOG Occular System
3 ERG Corniel Retinal Position
4 ECG Cardiovascular system
5 PULSE RATE ,,
6 BLOOD PRESSURE ,,
7 BLOOD FLOW ,,
8 PCG Heart valves
9 EMG Muscular system
10 EGG Gastroinstinal track
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SOURCES OF BIMEDICAL SIGNALS:
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Classifications
Biopotentials/Biomedical signals:
 Classifications of Biopotentials/Biomedical signals:
 Biopotentials For Examples
 Bioelctric signals: ECG, EMG, EEG, EOG, ERG, EGG
 Bioacoustic signals: Blood flow thr Heart valve sound
 Biomechanical signals: Movement of the chest walls
 Biochemical signals: pCO2, pO2
 Biomagnetic signal: MagnetoEG
 Biooptical signal: transmitted/back scattered light
 Bioimpedance: Galvanic skin resistance
 Details-
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Cont…
 Bioelctric signals: The electric field generated by the action of many
cells constitutes the bioelectric signals. They are generated by nerve or
muscle cells, basic source is the cell membrane potential eg ECG, EMG,
EEG, EOG, ERG, EGG
 Bioacoustic signals: Such biomedical signals provides information
about the underlying phenomena. eg flow of blood in the heart, through
the heart’s valve and flow of air through the upper and lower airways and
in the lungs
 Biomechanical signals: Originate from mechanical functions of the
biological systems. Includes motion and displacement signals, pressure
and flow signals. eg movement of the chest walls in accordance with the
respiratory activity.
 Biochemical signals: Obtained as a result of chemical measurement
of living tissue or from samples analyzed in the lab. eg measurement of
pCO2, pO2 and concentration of various ions in the blood.
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Cont…
 Biomagnetic signal: Extremely weak mag. fields produced by
various organs(Brain, Heart, Lungs) it provides imp. inf. which is not
provided by bioelectric signals eg magnetoEnG from the brain.
 Bio-optical signal: Result of optical functions of the biological
systems, occurring either naturally or induced by the measurement
process eg blood oxygenation may be estimated by measuring the
transmitted/back scattered light from a tissue at different wavelengths.
 Bioimpedance: The impedance of the tissue is a source of important
information concerning its composition, blood distribution and blood
volume etc. It is also obtained by injecting current in the tissue and
measuring voltage drop across tissue Impedance. eg Galvanic skin
resistance and the measurement of respiration rate based on bio-
impedance technique.
 Such signal comprises resting & action potential
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Action potential & Resting potential
 Source for Biopotential
nerve cells and muscle cells
Resting potential ,Action potential
 States of cell: Polarised state
Depolarised state
Repolarised state
(Semi permeable membrane):Depolarisation phase and
Repolarisation phase
Electrical activity associated with one contraction in a
muscle
33
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Cont..
 Typical cell potential waveform
Typical terms:
 Resting potential and action potential
 Depolarization and Repolarization phase
 Sodium pump
 All-or-nothing law
 Net height of the action potential
 Absolute refractory period
 Relative refractory period
 Propagation rate/Nerve conduction
rate/conduction velocity
34
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Polarized state and Resting Potential..
35
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Depolarized state and Action Potential..
36
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 Polarised state
37
Semi permeable
membrane
Cl-
K+
Cl-
Cl-
K+
K+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
VM Umale
-70mv
Cl-
K+
Cl-
Cl-
K+
K+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+

 Polarised state
38
Semi permeable
membrane
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
VM Umale
20 mv

39
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CELL POTENTIAL:

40
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CELL POTENTIAL:

41
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Cell membrane potential process:

All or Nothing law: The action potential is always the same for any
given cell irrespective of method by which cell is excited and intensity
of the stimulus.
Net Height of the action potential: Difference between the peak
of the action potential and the resting Potential.
Absolute refractory period: Brief period of time during which the
cell can not respond to any new stimulus(1msec in nerve cells)
Relative refractory period: Period of time during which another
action potential can be obtained with a much stonger stimulation
(several msec ). Its result of after potential.
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Propagation rate: The rate at which an action potential moves
down a fiber or propagated from cell to cell is called propagation
rate.( Nerve conduction rate: 20-140m/sec, Heart muscle: 0.2-0.4
m/sec, special time delay fibers between the atria and venticles: 0.03
-0.05m/sec
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**** Different bioelectric Signals ****
 Importance of various bioelectric signals
 Electrical activity of various cells(body organs )
results in biopotentials.
 Nature and important features of bio-Signals like
ECG, EEG, EMG
44

Different bioelectric signals
 The primary characteristics of typical bioelectric
signals:
45
Parameter Primary Signal characteristics Type of
Electrode
Frequency range signal Amplitude
ECG 0.05 to 120 Hz
(100Hz)
0.1- 5 mV
(1mV)
Skin electrode
EEG 0.1 to 100 Hz
(100Hz)
2- 200 uV
(50uV)
Scalp electrode
EMG 5 to 3000 Hz
(100Hz)
0.1- 5 mV
(50uV)
Needle electrode
ERG 0-20Hz 0.5uv-1mV Contact electrode
EOG 0-100Hz 10uv-3.5mV Contact electrode

Cont…
 features of important bio-signals such as- ECG
46

VM Umale
ELECTRO-CONDUCTION OF HEART MUSCLES:
47

features of important biomedical signals
such as- ECG
48

VM Umale
ECG SIGNAL :
49

VM Umale
EEG SIGNAL :
50

VM Umale
EEG SIGNAL :
51
EEG SIGNAL Frequency affected by mental activity
of a person or greatly varies with behavioral states :
 An alert, wide awake person-un-synchronized HF EEG
 A drowsy person- Large amount of rhythmic pattern
 Person begins to fall asleep- Amplitude increases,
Frequency decreases
 Light sleep- A large amplitude, low frequency waveform
 Deeper sleep- A Highest amplitude , Lowest Freq.
waveform
 Paradoxical Sleep or REM Sleep- Unsynchronized HF
patterns for a time and then returns to LF sleep
patterns

VM Umale
EMG SIGNAL :
52

***** Electrode theory-
Basic electrode, Electrodes for ECG *****
 Electrode theory/Basic electrode theory
 Need, types of Bio-potential electrodes.
 Various Electrodes for ECG.
53

VM Umale
ELECTRODE - ELECTROLYTE & ELECTROLYTE-
TISSUE INTERFACE
54

VM Umale 55
Electric equivalent circuits (warburg)

VM Umale
:
56

Electrode theory- Basic electrode,
 Need & Types of Bio-potential electrodes
 Need…
 Types of Bio-potential electrodes…..
 (Skin)Surface electrodes
 Deep seated electrode - Micro electrodes-Metal
-Micropipette
- Needle Electrodes-monopolar
-Bipolar, concentric
 Biochemical Electrodes- Reference Electrodes
- pH Electrodes
-Blood Gas Electrodes(pO2, pCO2)
57

Electrode theory- Basic electrode,
 Factors to be consider while measurements:
 Careful and suitable selection of electrodes for
satisfactory record of bioelectric signal.
 Comfortable for the patients to wear over long
period
 They should not produce any moving artifacts
 Convenient in practical applications
 Good contact with skin (for low contact
impedance)
58

Cont..
 The characteristics of a metalic/nonmetalic
surface electrodes depends upon-
 Condition at metal-electrolyte interface
 Electrolyte –skin interface
 Quality of electrolytes
 Electrode properties
Why electrode jelly is required while
measurements of biopotential signals?
59

Cont..
 Electrode Potentials
 All electrode potentials are measured wrt a ref. Electrodes
 Ref. Electrodes-Hydrogen electrode (H absorbed on platinum
back
-Calomel electrode
Electrode potentials of few metal electrodes wrt Hydrogen
60
Metal Ionic symbol Electrode
Potential(Volt)
Aluminium Al+++ -1.66
Iron Fe++ -0.44
Lead Pb++ -0.12
Hydrogen H+ -0.0
Copper C++ +0.34
Silver Ag+ +0.80
Platinum Pt+ +1.2
gold Au+ +1.69

Cont..
 potential between Electrode s in electrolyte
61
Electode Metal Electrolyte Potential difference
between Electrode
(mV)
Stainless steel Saline 10
silver Saline 9.4
Silver-silver chloride Saline 2.5
Silver-silver chloride
(11mm disc)
ECG paste 0.47
Silver-silver chloride
(sponge)
ECG paste 0.2

* Electrodes for ECG, EEG, EMG *
 Electrodes for ECG.
 Electrodes for EEG,
 Electrodes for EMG,
 Biochemical Electrodes
62

Electrodes for ECG, EEG, EMG
Electrodes are used to pickup the biopotentials from the
surface of the body of from inside the cells.
Basic electrodes are classified as:
 Skin surface electrodes
 Needle electrodes
 Microelectrodes
63

 Various Electrodes used for the measurement or
recording of ECG signal.
 Immersion electodes(not used now)
 Limb electrodes
 Suction cup electrodes
 Floating electrodes
 Spray –on electrodes
 Pregelled disposable electrode
 Pasteless (dry) electrodes
 Air –jet ECG electrodes
64

ECG Electrodes
65
ECG plate electrode.
The electrode is usually
Fastened to the arm
or leg with a perforated
Rubber strap which
keeps it in position
during ECG recording
Light weight floating
Electrode with press Stud
for long term monitoring

ECG Electrodes
66

ECG Electrodes
67
Disposable pre-gelled
ECG Electrode.
A porous tape overlaying
placed over the electrode
resists perspiration and
Ensures positive placement
Under stress conditions
Air –Jet ECG Electrodes

ECG Electrodes
68
Suction cup electrode
(Unipolar chest ECG
Electrode.)
Floating type skin surface
ECG Electrodes
VM Umale Dept. Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. 68

recording of EEG signal.
 Scalp surface electrodes (chlorided silver discs)
 Ear-clip electrodes (reference electrode)
 Small needle electrodes
 Silver ball or pellet electrodes(exposed cortex, high resistance)
 Pad electrode(silver ball is belled out at the end and padded
with a sponge)
 Chlorided silver wire in plastic cup electrodes
69

EEG Electrodes
70
EEG Electrode which can
Be applied to the surface
Of the skin by an
adhesive tape.
Ear-clip Electrodes
&
EEG scalp surface Electrodes

EEG Electrodes
71

recording of EMG signal.
 Needle electrodes
 Monopolar
 Bipolar
 Concentric core needle
 Multi-element needle electrodes
 Reference electrode
 pH electrodes
 Blood Gas electrode
72

EMG Electrodes
73

Micro Electrodes
74

Metal micro-electrodes
75

Biochemical Electrodes
 pH electrodes
 Blood Gas electrode
 pO2 Electrode
 pCO2 Electrode
76

77

 pH electrodes
78

 Blood Gas electrode: pO2 Electrode & pCO2 Electrode
79

80

81
Cu-Cu(II) reference electrode

82
Ag-AgCl reference electrode

** Nernst eq. & Skin contact impedance **
83

** Nernst eq. & Skin contact impedance **
 Nernst equation
 Skin contact impedance
 Skin contact impedance measurement
 Motion artifacts
84

VM Umale
Nernst Equation:
85

VM Umale
SKIN CONTACT IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT:
86

VM Umale
The Skin contact impedance of the following
type of electrodes can be measured with
this techniques-
 Plastic cup self adhesive electrodes
 Metal plate limb electrodes with jelly
 Metal plate electrodes used with conducting
plastic
 Dry multipoint limb electrodes
 Dry multipoint Suction cup chest electrodes
 self adhesive multipoint chest electrodes with jelly
 self adhesive dry multipoint chest electrodes
 self adhesive gauze electrodes
87

VM Umale
:
88

****Physiological System of Heart****
 Physiology of Heart
 Physiological System of Heart- Hydraulic system
 Physiological System of Heart- electrical conduction
89

Conducting System of Heart
90

Question Bank: Unit-I
91
1 Explain the Man Instrument system in detail 6
2 Explain how action potential are generated at a cellular level 7
3 Which body system is responsible for communication in it? Explain with
suitable example.
7
4 Describe the following biomedical signals, i) ECG, ii) EMG, iii) EEG 6
Explain the Nernst Equation. Give its significance 6
5 What is skin contact impedance? Explain the role of electrode jelly in
electrode for measurement of bioelectric signals
7
6 Draw the following bioelectric signals specifying relative parameters and its
significance- i)ECG, ii)EMG, iii) EEG
6
7 Justify the statement “ The human body can be considered as a power station 7
8 Draw the physiological structure of the heart and explain it, How electrical
signals are generated from the heart
7
9 What is EMG? Explain the methods of quantifying EMG 4
10 Explain how body acts as an electrical signal generating station, explain it 6

92
11 What is electrode tissue interface? Draw its electrical equivalent and
explain the terms, i) skin contact impedance, ii) Half cell potential
7
12 Explain the various electrodes used for ECG measurement, with their
merits and demerits
8
13 What is Nernst equation? Calculate the potential difference across a
membrane separating two very dilute solutions of monovalent ion, one
concentration being 100 times as great as other and body temperature is
380C
8
14 Explain the electrical; activity of brain, although this activity is not periodic
and repetitive, How it is useful in diagnosis? Discuss
7
15 What do you mean by polarized and non-polarized electrodes? Which type
of electrode will you prefer in biomedical applications? What are the merits
of Ag-AgCl electrodes, that makes it popular in biomedical measurement
and recording system?
7
16 Explain how action potentials are generated at cellular level? 6

93
17 What is Nernst equation? Explain; calculate the potential across a
membrane, separating two solutions of bivalent ions in mv. Given that the
product of ion concentration with activity coefficient of one side is 10 times
larger than that of other side of the membrane, assume a body temperature of
390C, R = -8.135*107 ergs/mole/0k, F= 96500 Coulombs
7
18 Explain how heart works as a mechanical pump with suitable diagram 7
19 Explain pH electrodes. What is significance of pH measurement 6
20 Explain the electrical activity of the brain with various frequency bands and
its significance.
6
21 What is skin contact impedance? What is the role of electrode jellies and
creams in measurement of bioelectric signals? Describe the setup for skin
contact impedance measurement
9
22 What do you mean by biomedical signals? List out the various biomedical
signals and their sources.
6
23 Explain the following with suitable sketches: i) action potential, ii)
Depolarization, iii) Repolarization, iv) all or nothing law
8

94
24 Is the frequency of the EEG signal affected by the mental activity of a
person? Explain with example. Also classify the basic frequency range of
EEG signal for the purpose of analysis.
6
25 Justify, “ Heart is a two stage pump operated in parallel and blood circulation
is in series sequence” with blood circulation path.
7
26 Explain how action potentials are generated at cellular level? What is
absolute and relative refractory period?
7
27 Draw an electrical equivalent circuit of skin electrode interface? Also explain
any one technique to measure the skin contact impedance.
7
28 Draw the following bioelectrical signals specifying relative parameters and
its significance, i) ECG, ii) EEG, iii) EMG
7
29 With the help of neat block schematic explain Man Instrumentation system,
give its advantages
7
30 Draw and explain an equivalent circuit of bio-potential measurement. 6
31 Explain electrical activity associated with one contraction in a muscle with
related diagram and define resting and action potential with relevant
waveforms
8
32 What are the artifacts, which arise while recording EEG signals? How they
are eliminated
7

Thanks
95

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