This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor along with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
The ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves above 20 kHz and detects the reflected waves with a receiver to measure distance. The HC-SR04 module can measure distances from 2 to 400 cm with 5V power and works by sending a 10 microsecond trigger signal to initiate a transmission, then measuring the echo pulse width to calculate the distance. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to measure distance, level, presence and more without contact and have applications in obstacle detection robots, parking assistance systems and more.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. The document discusses several common sensors: infrared (IR) sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors, and discusses their working principles and applications. It also provides details on using timers and integrated circuits like the 555 timer IC to process sensor output signals.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
Class materials for teaching the use of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino Uno. These materials were originally used in Startathon 2016.
The code is available here. https://github.com/SustainableLivingLab/ultrasonic-hc-sr04-usage
This document describes a human detection robot that uses sensors and a microcontroller to detect humans. It proposes a new method for detecting surviving humans in destroyed environments using an autonomous robot. The robot uses PIR sensors to detect humans and is controlled by a microcontroller that drives its motors based on the sensor inputs. It has applications in military, rescue operations, and controlling unmanned aerial vehicles. The main goal is to develop a low-cost robot for human detection in natural disasters.
Human detection robot based on IR radiation emission from human body. It can also detect poison gas content .It is based on IOT technology. It uses PIR sensor, gas sensor, ultrasonic sensor, etc. the IOT technology is implemented using Wi-Fi module and Bluetooth module . Temperature and humidity can also be measured using DHT11 sensor.
This presentation discusses robotic sensors. It defines a robot and explains that robotic sensors detect physical signals and convert them to electrical signals to estimate a robot's environment and condition. The document then categorizes and describes various types of robotic sensors including light, sound, temperature, contact, proximity, distance, pressure, tilt, voltage, current, IMU, and acceleration sensors. It provides examples and applications of each sensor type. The presentation concludes by noting sensors allow robots to complete various tasks and that more complex robots require more sensors.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
The ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves above 20 kHz and detects the reflected waves with a receiver to measure distance. The HC-SR04 module can measure distances from 2 to 400 cm with 5V power and works by sending a 10 microsecond trigger signal to initiate a transmission, then measuring the echo pulse width to calculate the distance. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to measure distance, level, presence and more without contact and have applications in obstacle detection robots, parking assistance systems and more.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. The document discusses several common sensors: infrared (IR) sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors, and discusses their working principles and applications. It also provides details on using timers and integrated circuits like the 555 timer IC to process sensor output signals.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
Class materials for teaching the use of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino Uno. These materials were originally used in Startathon 2016.
The code is available here. https://github.com/SustainableLivingLab/ultrasonic-hc-sr04-usage
This document describes a human detection robot that uses sensors and a microcontroller to detect humans. It proposes a new method for detecting surviving humans in destroyed environments using an autonomous robot. The robot uses PIR sensors to detect humans and is controlled by a microcontroller that drives its motors based on the sensor inputs. It has applications in military, rescue operations, and controlling unmanned aerial vehicles. The main goal is to develop a low-cost robot for human detection in natural disasters.
Human detection robot based on IR radiation emission from human body. It can also detect poison gas content .It is based on IOT technology. It uses PIR sensor, gas sensor, ultrasonic sensor, etc. the IOT technology is implemented using Wi-Fi module and Bluetooth module . Temperature and humidity can also be measured using DHT11 sensor.
This presentation discusses robotic sensors. It defines a robot and explains that robotic sensors detect physical signals and convert them to electrical signals to estimate a robot's environment and condition. The document then categorizes and describes various types of robotic sensors including light, sound, temperature, contact, proximity, distance, pressure, tilt, voltage, current, IMU, and acceleration sensors. It provides examples and applications of each sensor type. The presentation concludes by noting sensors allow robots to complete various tasks and that more complex robots require more sensors.
This document discusses interrupts in a computer system. It defines interrupts as events that break the normal sequence of instruction execution. There are hardware interrupts triggered by external devices and software interrupts triggered by internal instructions. The processor services interrupts by saving its state, jumping to an interrupt service routine, and then restoring its context to resume the original program. Interrupts allow the processor to efficiently service multiple devices simultaneously.
The document discusses various types of actuators and drive systems used in industrial robotics. It describes pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric drive systems, focusing on servo drives. For electric drives it covers stepper motors, DC motors, AC motors, and direct drive motors. It provides details on operation, benefits, disadvantages, and examples of each type of actuator and drive system. The goal is to help understand the options for moving and positioning robot components.
This presentation describes the design of a fire sensing robot. It uses an ATmega8 microcontroller as its brain to interface sensors like a gas detector and control motors. The robot can detect fires, stop moving automatically, and signal the location to a fire prevention system. It is intended to detect fires in places like server rooms that are dangerous for humans. The project aims to allow robots to perform dangerous firefighting tasks instead of humans.
DHT11 Digital Temperature and Humidity SensorRaghav Shetty
The DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long term stability.
This sensor include a resistive type humidity measurement component and a NTC temperature measurement component, and connect to a high performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interface ability and cost effectiveness.
It’s of small size, low power consumption and up-to 20 meter signal transmission makes it a best choice for various applications.
This document discusses different methods of level measurement in industries. It describes direct methods like sight glass level indicators and float type level indicators. It also covers indirect, electrical methods like resistive and capacitive level indicators. Sight glasses use a graduated glass tube to directly measure liquid level in a tank. Float level indicators transmit float movement via a pulley system to indicate level on a scale. Resistive indicators use a float to change the resistance of a potentiometer proportional to level. Capacitive methods measure how liquid level affects capacitor properties in various configurations.
static characteristics of an instruments - basics of measurements
definition & explanation
important for selection of instrument & designing a new instruments
YouTube channel : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgtlEPfuRGHbHLo46cxm7dQ
The LVDT consists of a primary winding in the center of a former surrounded by two secondary windings. It works on the principle of mutual induction to convert displacement, a non-electrical energy, into an electrical output. When the soft iron core inside is in the null position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings, resulting in a differential output voltage of 0. If the core moves left or right, the flux linking one secondary increases while the other decreases, producing a differential voltage. The LVDT has a linear output characteristic for small displacements but becomes non-linear at larger displacements. It is used to measure various parameters like force, weight, pressure, and displacements in applications such as soil testing
RS-232 is a popular communications interface for connecting modems and data acquisition devices (i.e. GPS receivers, electronic balances, data loggers, ...) to computers.
It is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.
This document summarizes serial data communication using the RS-232 standard. It provides an introduction to RS-232, including its history from 1962 and applications connecting devices like modems and printers. The standard defines electrical characteristics and timing for serial data transmission. Limitations include limited transmission speed and large connectors. The document examines RS-232 pins used for handshaking signals to coordinate data transfer and lists advantages like long transmission distances but also disadvantages like lower speed and need for separate transceiver chips.
This document is a project report on an Eye Tracking Interpretation System submitted by three students as a partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering degree. It includes sections on introduction, literature survey, system description, software description, methodology, results, applications, and conclusion. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to measure the distance to obstacles and displays it on an LCD screen. It aims to provide a low-cost solution for distance measurement that works in different light conditions including underwater.
This document describes a fingerprint-based security system that uses a microcontroller and fingerprint module to open a lock only for authorized users. The system scans a fingerprint and verifies it matches one stored on the microcontroller. If so, it activates a relay that opens the locked system. The fingerprint module can store up to 750 fingerprints and is connected to the microcontroller via a serial port. The system provides security for items like medications, jewelry, and documents without needing passwords.
This document provides an introduction to microprocessors and microcontrollers, with a focus on the Texas Instruments MSP430. It discusses the historical background of microprocessors from the invention of transistors in 1947 to the development of the first microcontroller in 1978. It also describes Moore's Law predicting the doubling of transistor density every 1-2 years. The document outlines the key features of microcontrollers like small size, low cost, and low power consumption. Finally, it provides an overview of the MSP430 microcontroller family and its applications in low-power embedded systems.
Industrial robots have a variety of specifications that must be considered when selecting a robot for a particular application. These include the robot's axes of movement, range of motion, speed, payload, accuracy, and repeatability. The document provides details on common axis specifications, including the number of axes, range of movement, speed, and accuracy measurements. It also lists other important robot specifications like weight, power requirements, and work envelope. Selection of a suitable robot involves using multi-criteria decision making to evaluate robots based on their specifications and the weights of different criteria for the target application. Future trends suggest robots will become more lightweight, compact, and integrated with sensors and vision systems to enable safer human-robot collaboration.
This project report summarizes the design and working of a line follower robot. It discusses the components used including an LM324 comparator IC, AT89C51 microprocessor, L293D H-bridge motor driver, and IR transmitter and receiver. It explains how the IR sensors detect the line and the microprocessor controls the motors to follow the line by turning when sensors detect line edges. The working principle section describes the robot's line detection and movement logic in detail. Applications mentioned include industrial transport, automated vehicles, and museum tour guides.
This document describes an artificial intelligence firefighting robot. The robot uses sensors to detect fires and then moves to that location, stopping and indicating that fire has been detected. It then activates fire prevention systems by sending signals to a computer terminal. The robot is controlled remotely using RF communication between the robot and a control room. It uses a microcontroller as its "brain" to interface with sensors and motors and carry out programmed operations like detecting high temperatures and pouring water to extinguish fires. The robot provides benefits like accurately detecting fire sources, increased flexibility, lower long-term costs, and reliability.
This document discusses the working of an ultrasonic sensor security system. It contains sections on the history of ultrasound, how ultrasonic sensors work, and the key components of an ultrasonic sensor system including the transmitting unit, receiver unit, and microcontroller. The transmitting unit sends out ultrasonic pulses and the receiver unit detects echoes which are used by the microcontroller to calculate the distance to objects. Potential applications are discussed like intruder alarms, automatic doors, and parking assistance.
An ultrasonic transducer converts electrical energy into ultrasonic sound waves above the range of human hearing using piezoelectric crystals. Systems use these transducers to generate sound waves above 18,000 Hz, which are reflected off objects, and the transducers convert the echo sound waves back into electrical signals to measure distance. Ultrasonic sensors work similarly to radar or sonar by sending sound waves and interpreting the echoes to calculate the time between the signal being sent and received in order to determine the distance to an object.
This document discusses interrupts in a computer system. It defines interrupts as events that break the normal sequence of instruction execution. There are hardware interrupts triggered by external devices and software interrupts triggered by internal instructions. The processor services interrupts by saving its state, jumping to an interrupt service routine, and then restoring its context to resume the original program. Interrupts allow the processor to efficiently service multiple devices simultaneously.
The document discusses various types of actuators and drive systems used in industrial robotics. It describes pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric drive systems, focusing on servo drives. For electric drives it covers stepper motors, DC motors, AC motors, and direct drive motors. It provides details on operation, benefits, disadvantages, and examples of each type of actuator and drive system. The goal is to help understand the options for moving and positioning robot components.
This presentation describes the design of a fire sensing robot. It uses an ATmega8 microcontroller as its brain to interface sensors like a gas detector and control motors. The robot can detect fires, stop moving automatically, and signal the location to a fire prevention system. It is intended to detect fires in places like server rooms that are dangerous for humans. The project aims to allow robots to perform dangerous firefighting tasks instead of humans.
DHT11 Digital Temperature and Humidity SensorRaghav Shetty
The DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long term stability.
This sensor include a resistive type humidity measurement component and a NTC temperature measurement component, and connect to a high performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interface ability and cost effectiveness.
It’s of small size, low power consumption and up-to 20 meter signal transmission makes it a best choice for various applications.
This document discusses different methods of level measurement in industries. It describes direct methods like sight glass level indicators and float type level indicators. It also covers indirect, electrical methods like resistive and capacitive level indicators. Sight glasses use a graduated glass tube to directly measure liquid level in a tank. Float level indicators transmit float movement via a pulley system to indicate level on a scale. Resistive indicators use a float to change the resistance of a potentiometer proportional to level. Capacitive methods measure how liquid level affects capacitor properties in various configurations.
static characteristics of an instruments - basics of measurements
definition & explanation
important for selection of instrument & designing a new instruments
YouTube channel : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgtlEPfuRGHbHLo46cxm7dQ
The LVDT consists of a primary winding in the center of a former surrounded by two secondary windings. It works on the principle of mutual induction to convert displacement, a non-electrical energy, into an electrical output. When the soft iron core inside is in the null position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings, resulting in a differential output voltage of 0. If the core moves left or right, the flux linking one secondary increases while the other decreases, producing a differential voltage. The LVDT has a linear output characteristic for small displacements but becomes non-linear at larger displacements. It is used to measure various parameters like force, weight, pressure, and displacements in applications such as soil testing
RS-232 is a popular communications interface for connecting modems and data acquisition devices (i.e. GPS receivers, electronic balances, data loggers, ...) to computers.
It is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas where traditional means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.
This document summarizes serial data communication using the RS-232 standard. It provides an introduction to RS-232, including its history from 1962 and applications connecting devices like modems and printers. The standard defines electrical characteristics and timing for serial data transmission. Limitations include limited transmission speed and large connectors. The document examines RS-232 pins used for handshaking signals to coordinate data transfer and lists advantages like long transmission distances but also disadvantages like lower speed and need for separate transceiver chips.
This document is a project report on an Eye Tracking Interpretation System submitted by three students as a partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering degree. It includes sections on introduction, literature survey, system description, software description, methodology, results, applications, and conclusion. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to measure the distance to obstacles and displays it on an LCD screen. It aims to provide a low-cost solution for distance measurement that works in different light conditions including underwater.
This document describes a fingerprint-based security system that uses a microcontroller and fingerprint module to open a lock only for authorized users. The system scans a fingerprint and verifies it matches one stored on the microcontroller. If so, it activates a relay that opens the locked system. The fingerprint module can store up to 750 fingerprints and is connected to the microcontroller via a serial port. The system provides security for items like medications, jewelry, and documents without needing passwords.
This document provides an introduction to microprocessors and microcontrollers, with a focus on the Texas Instruments MSP430. It discusses the historical background of microprocessors from the invention of transistors in 1947 to the development of the first microcontroller in 1978. It also describes Moore's Law predicting the doubling of transistor density every 1-2 years. The document outlines the key features of microcontrollers like small size, low cost, and low power consumption. Finally, it provides an overview of the MSP430 microcontroller family and its applications in low-power embedded systems.
Industrial robots have a variety of specifications that must be considered when selecting a robot for a particular application. These include the robot's axes of movement, range of motion, speed, payload, accuracy, and repeatability. The document provides details on common axis specifications, including the number of axes, range of movement, speed, and accuracy measurements. It also lists other important robot specifications like weight, power requirements, and work envelope. Selection of a suitable robot involves using multi-criteria decision making to evaluate robots based on their specifications and the weights of different criteria for the target application. Future trends suggest robots will become more lightweight, compact, and integrated with sensors and vision systems to enable safer human-robot collaboration.
This project report summarizes the design and working of a line follower robot. It discusses the components used including an LM324 comparator IC, AT89C51 microprocessor, L293D H-bridge motor driver, and IR transmitter and receiver. It explains how the IR sensors detect the line and the microprocessor controls the motors to follow the line by turning when sensors detect line edges. The working principle section describes the robot's line detection and movement logic in detail. Applications mentioned include industrial transport, automated vehicles, and museum tour guides.
This document describes an artificial intelligence firefighting robot. The robot uses sensors to detect fires and then moves to that location, stopping and indicating that fire has been detected. It then activates fire prevention systems by sending signals to a computer terminal. The robot is controlled remotely using RF communication between the robot and a control room. It uses a microcontroller as its "brain" to interface with sensors and motors and carry out programmed operations like detecting high temperatures and pouring water to extinguish fires. The robot provides benefits like accurately detecting fire sources, increased flexibility, lower long-term costs, and reliability.
This document discusses the working of an ultrasonic sensor security system. It contains sections on the history of ultrasound, how ultrasonic sensors work, and the key components of an ultrasonic sensor system including the transmitting unit, receiver unit, and microcontroller. The transmitting unit sends out ultrasonic pulses and the receiver unit detects echoes which are used by the microcontroller to calculate the distance to objects. Potential applications are discussed like intruder alarms, automatic doors, and parking assistance.
An ultrasonic transducer converts electrical energy into ultrasonic sound waves above the range of human hearing using piezoelectric crystals. Systems use these transducers to generate sound waves above 18,000 Hz, which are reflected off objects, and the transducers convert the echo sound waves back into electrical signals to measure distance. Ultrasonic sensors work similarly to radar or sonar by sending sound waves and interpreting the echoes to calculate the time between the signal being sent and received in order to determine the distance to an object.
The document discusses ultrasonic transducers and sensors. Ultrasonic transducers convert electrical energy into ultrasound waves above the range of human hearing using piezoelectric crystals. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo received back to determine the distance to an object. They are capable of sending ultrasound and receiving the echo, which is converted to electrical signals for processing. Common applications include measuring wind speed, tank fullness, and speed through air or water.
To form the concept of an ultrasound sensor, skills and abilities to work with a robotic constructor and EV3 softwareAn ultrasonic sensor (also often called a sonar or ultrasonic rangefinder) determines the distance to an object in the same way as bats or dolphins do.
It is based on the well-known phenomenon of echolocation. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor emits sound pulses (ping) at a frequency of 40 kHz and catches the reflected signal (echo). The HC-SR04 sensor generates a highly directional signal at a frequency of 40 kHz and catches the reflected signal (echo). Based on the time it takes sound to travel to an object and back, you can quite accurately determine the distance to it
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic ranging module non-contactly measures distances from 2cm to 4m with 3mm accuracy. It works by sending out an 8 cycle burst of 40kHz ultrasound upon receiving a 10uS trigger signal. If an echo pulse is received, the echo pulse width corresponds to the distance to the object. Distance can be calculated by multiplying the echo pulse width by 340m/s and dividing by 2. The module operates at 5V and 15mA, and measures in a 15 degree angle.
Obstacle detection using ultra sonic sensorsatyashanker
The document summarizes the working principles and applications of ultrasonic sensors, specifically the HC-SR04 sensor. It describes how ultrasonic sensors use piezoelectric materials to generate and detect sound waves to measure the distance to targets. The HC-SR04 sensor can detect objects from 2cm to 400cm away and is unaffected by light or dark surfaces. Its operation involves transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to determine distance. Common applications of ultrasonic sensors include obstacle detection, motion sensing, and liquid level measurement.
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic ranging module uses ultrasonic sound waves to measure distances from 2cm to 400cm with 3mm accuracy. It works by sending out an 8 cycle burst of 40kHz ultrasound when triggered, and then measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. This time can be used to calculate the distance using the speed of sound. The module operates on 5V and includes ultrasonic transmitters, receivers, and control circuitry within dimensions of 45x20x15mm.
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic ranging module uses ultrasonic sound waves to measure distances from 2cm to 400cm with 3mm accuracy. It works by sending out an 8 cycle burst of 40kHz ultrasound when triggered, and then measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. The echo pulse width corresponds directly to the distance of the detected object. By knowing the speed of sound, the distance can be calculated using the time difference between the trigger signal and received echo. The module operates on 5V and requires a minimum 10uS trigger pulse to initiate each range reading.
This project created an ultrasonic motion detector that uses sound pulses to detect motion in two dimensions. It sends out pulses at 20 pulses per second which reflect off objects and are detected by two receivers. The time delays between pulse transmission and reception are used to triangulate the position of detected objects. Testing showed the device could successfully track a person walking as well as detect and locate an object moving in front of the receivers. While not perfectly sensitive, the device functioned as intended to detect and map motion in two dimensions.
IRJET- Distance Measurement with the Help of Ultrasonic SensorIRJET Journal
1) Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves instead of light for detection and measurement purposes. They are commonly used for distance measurement, detecting hidden objects, and water level detection.
2) Ultrasonic sensors work by transmitting ultrasonic waves and detecting echoes reflected back from objects. By measuring the time between the wave transmission and echo reception, the distance to the object can be determined.
3) There are different types of ultrasonic sensors including open structure sensors, enclosed sensors protected from the environment, and high frequency sensors used for precise industrial applications. Ultrasonic sensors have various applications including intruder alarms, automatic doors, and backup sensors in vehicles.
This experiment system uses ultrasonic waves to demonstrate echo sounding principles and determine the velocity of sound. It consists of ultrasonic transducers, an amplifier, generator, oscilloscope, leads, stands, and a metal scale. The transducers function as both a transmitter and receiver, converting electrical signals to sound waves and vice versa. By measuring the time it takes sound pulses to reflect off objects, the system can calculate the velocity of sound and distance to reflecting objects.
1. The document describes using an ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino board to measure distances of objects.
2. It explains that the ultrasonic sensor works by emitting ultrasound and measuring the reflection to calculate distance, and discusses the sensor's pinout and wiring diagram to connect it to an Arduino.
3. The objectives are to understand the ultrasonic sensor, wire it to an Arduino, write code to read distances, and demonstrate distance measurement of objects.
Engineering project: It's very helpfull for Engineering (B.tech) Student's for minor projects and also semester ppt.
This ppt contains project image and coding also.
So, this is going to be very helpfull for student's.
Design of Microcontroller Based Multi-Frequency Ultrasonic Pulser ReceiverIJERA Editor
1) Researchers developed a microcontroller-based multi-frequency ultrasonic pulser receiver system that can generate pulsed radio frequencies of different frequencies as selected from a PC without needing to change oscillators.
2) The system uses an ATMega16 microcontroller to control an oscillator chip that can generate frequencies from 1-10MHz as commanded by the PC. It then generates pulse repetition frequencies to create tone bursts that are amplified and transmitted into samples via a transducer.
3) Received echoes are amplified and processed by the receiver section before being displayed on an oscilloscope. The system was tested on water and ethanol samples and able to measure ultrasonic velocities accurately at different frequencies.
A report on ultrasonic distance measurementitfakash
The document describes an ultrasonic distance meter circuit. It consists of a microcontroller that encodes and transmits ultrasonic pulses via a transmitter. When the pulses reflect off an object, a receiver detects the echo and the microcontroller calculates the distance based on the time elapsed. It displays the measured distance on an LCD screen. The circuit uses various components like a voltage regulator, microcontroller, LCD, buzzer, and ultrasonic transducers to transmit pulses, receive echoes, and determine distances to objects.
The document discusses sonar, which uses sound waves to detect underwater objects. It describes how sonar works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the reflection to determine distances. There are two main types: active sonar, which transmits pulses and listens for echoes, and passive sonar, which only listens for sounds without transmitting. The document outlines the key components of sonar systems and how they are used for applications like mapping ocean depths and detecting ships and submarines. It also notes some negative impacts on marine animals.
This document summarizes an experiment interfacing an ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino Uno. It describes the ultrasonic sensor principle of transmitting and receiving sound waves to calculate distance. It provides details on the HC-SR04 ultrasonic module including its pinouts, features, and function. The document explains the distance calculation formula and shows the connection diagram and Arduino sketch code used. It concludes with observing and reporting the results of the experiment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
ULTRASONIC SENSOR.pdf
1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the
distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves.
An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive
ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an
object’s proximity.
High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to
produce distinct echo patterns.
Presented by : Jeran Rai.
2. LAWS OF PHYSICS OF ULTRASONIC
WAVES
Sound waves are having specific frequencies or number
of oscillations per second. Humans can detect sounds in
a frequency range from about 20Hz to 20 KHz. However
the frequency range normally employed in ultrasonic
detection is 100 KHz to 50MHz. The velocity of
ultrasound at a particular time and temperature is
constant in a medium.
3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
When an electrical pulse of high voltage is applied to the
ultrasonic transducer it vibrates across a specific spectrum of
frequencies and generates a burst of sound waves. Whenever any
obstacle comes ahead of the ultrasonic sensor the sound waves
will reflect back in the form of echo and generates an electric
pulse. It calculates the time taken between sending sound waves
and receiving echo. The echo patterns will be compared with the
patterns of sound waves to determine detected signal’s
condition.
5. HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
As shown in picture, the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic
sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names are Vcc,
Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor
is a very popular sensor used in many applications
where measuring distance or sensing objects are
required. The module has two eyes like projects in
the front which forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and
Receiver.
6. HC-SR04
Pin Number Pin Name Description
1 Vcc The Vcc pin powers the sensor, typically with +5V
2 Trigger Trigger pin is an Input pin. This pin has to be kept high for
10µs to initialize measurement by sending Ultrasonic wave.
3 Echo Echo pin is an Output pin. This pin goes high for a period of
time which will be equal to the time taken for the Ultrasonic
wave to return back to the sensor.
4 Ground This pin is connected to the Ground of the system.
8. HC-SR04 OPERATION
◦ The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave
travels in air and when it gets objected by any material it gets reflected
back toward the sensor this reflected wave is observed by the
Ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the picture below
9. HC-SR04 OPERATION
Power the Sensor using a regulated +5V through the Vcc ad
Ground pins of the sensor. The current consumed by the sensor
is less than 15mA and hence can be directly powered by the on
board 5V pins (If available). The Trigger and the Echo pins are
both I/O pins and hence they can be connected to I/O pins of
the microcontroller.
To start the measurement, the trigger pin has to be made high for
10uS and then turned off. This action will trigger an ultrasonic
wave at frequency of 40Hz from the transmitter and the receiver
will wait for the wave to return.
10. HC-SR04 OPERATION
Once the wave is returned after it getting reflected by any object the Echo
pin goes high for a particular amount of time which will be equal to the
time taken for the wave to return back to the sensor.
The amount of time during which the Echo pin stays high is measured by
the MCU/MPU as it gives the information about the time taken for the wave
to return back to the Sensor. Using this information the distance is
measured as explained in the above head.
HC-SR04 is commonly used with both microcontroller and microprocessor
platforms like Arduino, ARM, PIC, Raspberry Pie etc
11. SIMPLE ARDUINO C PROGRAMMING
FOR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
1. // defines pins numbers
2. const int trigPin = 12;
3. const int echoPin = 11;
4. // defines variables
5. long duration;
6. int distance;
7. void setup() {
8. pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
9. pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
10. Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication
11. }
12. SIMPLE ARDUINO C PROGRAMMING
FOR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
12. void loop() {
13. // Clears the trigPin
14. digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
15. delayMicroseconds(2);
16. // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
17. digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
18. delayMicroseconds(10);
19. digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
20. // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
21. duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
13. SIMPLE ARDUINO C PROGRAMMING
FOR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
22. // Calculating the distance
23. distance= (duration*0.034)/2; //Speed of sound in air at standard condition = 0.034cm/µs
24. // Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
25. Serial.print("Distance: ");
26. Serial.println(distance);
Note : In line 23, the numerator is divided by 2 to account for the fact that the ultrasonic wave travels
double the distance from transmitter to object and again bounce back to receiver striking object.
15. APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC
SENSOR
➢ Proximity Detection.
➢ Liquid Level Sensing.
➢ Obstacle Detection.
➢ Ranging/Distance Measurement.
➢ Anti Collision system.
➢ Contouring or Profiling.
➢ Presence Detection.
➢ Product Counting and Sorting.
➢ Anti Intrusion System.
➢ Medical Imaging.
◦
16. ADVANTGES OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR
➢ Its small size makes it easy to integrate into projects.
➢ Ultrasonics can easily integrate with any type of controller.
➢ Its high frequency, sensitivity, and power make it easy to detect objects.
➢ It have greater accuracy than many other methods at measuring thickness
and depth of a parallel surface.
➢ Ultrasonics are easy to use and not dangerous during operation.
➢ An inexpensive option.
17. “Somewhere in me is a curiosity
sensor. I want to know what's over the
next hill. You know, people can live
longer without food than without
information. Without information,
you'd go crazy.”