Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)Ripuranjan Singh
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)Ripuranjan Singh
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Need for cooling of an aircraft. types of air-refrigeration system, DART, Advantages of air refrigeration system, Open and closed cycle air refrigeration,
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
Theoretical cycle based on the actual properties of the cylinder contents is called the fuel air cycle.
The fuel air cycle takes into consideration the following.
The ACTUAL COMPOSITION of the cylinder contents.
The VARIATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT of the gases in the cylinder.
The DISSOCIATION EFFECT.
The VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF MOLES present in the cylinder as the pressure and temperature change
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Need for cooling of an aircraft. types of air-refrigeration system, DART, Advantages of air refrigeration system, Open and closed cycle air refrigeration,
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
Theoretical cycle based on the actual properties of the cylinder contents is called the fuel air cycle.
The fuel air cycle takes into consideration the following.
The ACTUAL COMPOSITION of the cylinder contents.
The VARIATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT of the gases in the cylinder.
The DISSOCIATION EFFECT.
The VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF MOLES present in the cylinder as the pressure and temperature change
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity.
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Layout of modern coal power plant, super critical boilers, FBC boilers, coal handling, pulveriser, ash handling and types of draught – surface condenser types – cooling towers – binary cycles – cogeneration system
Unit-V-Power Plant Economics and Environment.pptxprakash0712
Power tariff types, load distribution parameters, load curve – comparison of site selection criteria – relative merits and demerits – capital and operating cost of different power plants – pollution control technologies including waste disposal options for coal and nuclear power plants.
Hydro electric power plants: typical layout and associated components – Principle, construction and working of wind, tidal, Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV), solar thermal, geo thermal, biogas and fuel cell power systems.
Unit-II-Diesel Gas turbine and Combined Cycle Power Plant.pptxprakash0712
Diesel power plant: layout, components – Gas turbine power plant: open and closed cycles, gas turbine plant improvisation methods – Combined cycle power plants – Integrated gasifier based combined cycle systems.
working of nuclear reactors: Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), Canada Deuterium - Uranium reactor (CANDU), breeder, gas cooled and liquid metal cooled reactors – safety measures for nuclear power plants.
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxprakash0712
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box – power steering – pneumatic and hydraulic braking system – Antilock Braking System (ABS) – Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD) and traction control – types of front axle – types of suspension system.
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines – Electronically controlled diesel injection system – unit injector system, rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system – Electronic ignition system: transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system – Turbochargers - waste gate turbocharger, variable geometry turbocharger – engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system – emission norms (Euro, BS).
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxprakash0712
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle - layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
UNIT-1-VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES.pptprakash0712
Types of automobiles – vehicle construction and different layouts – chassis, frame and body – resistances to vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved) – IC engines - components, functions and materials – Variable Valve Timing (VVT).
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
1. ME8595 – THERMAL ENGINEERING- II
UNIT-5
REFRIGERATION AND
AIR CONDITIONING
PREPARED BY
R. Prakash,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology
2. REFRIGERATION
It is the process of removing heat
continuously from a body/object, to reduce its
temperature lower than that of its
surrounding atmospheric and maintaining it
by continuously absorbing the heat
3. REFRIGERATOR
It is an equipment used for producing
and maintaining the temperature in a
closed space below the surrounding
atmospheric temperature
4. REFRIGERANT
• Ammonia (NH3)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Freon which has the types of R-11, R-12, R-21,
R-22 and R-502
5. REFRIGERANT
Refrigerant is a fluid which absorbs the heat from the
body and rejects the heat at high temperature
Properties of refrigerant :
It should have low freezing and low boiling point
It should have high co-efficient of performance
It should be non-Explosive
It should have low specific heat of liquid
It should be non flammable
It should be non corrosive to metal
6. APPLICATIONS OF REFRIGERATION
• For preserving the food, fruits, and drinks for a
long duration
• For preserving the flowers, medicines and
medical drugs
• Refrigeration is used in refineries for removing
wax
7.
8. TERMINOLOGY OF REFRIGERATION
• Refrigeration Effect :
– Refrigeration effect is defined as the quantity of
heat extracted from a cold body or space to be
cooled in a given time
N = Heat extracted from the cold space
Time taken
9. Capacity of refrigeration unit
• The capacity of refrigerating machines are expressed by
their cooling capacity
• The standard unit used for expressing the capacity of
refrigerating machines is tonne of refrigeration
• One tonne of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of
heat abstracted ( refrigerating effect ) to freeze ( into
ice ) one tonne of water in a duration of 24 hours at 0oC
11. Co- Efficient of Performance (COP)
• Performance of a refrigeration system is
measured by Co-efficient of performance
(COP)
• It is defined as the ratio of heat extracted in a
given time ( refrigerating Effect ) to the work
input
• COP = Heat Extracted / work done
13. Primary refrigerants
• These are refrigerants that directly take
part in the refrigeration system
• R-12 - Dichloro difluoro methane - CCl2F2
• R-22 - Monochloro difluoro methane - CHClF2
• R-717 - Ammonia - NH3
• R-744 - Carbon dioxide - CO2
14. Secondary refrigerants
• These are the refrigerants which are first
cooled by primary refrigerants and then used
for cooling purpose
• Calcium chloride - CaCl2
• Sodium chloride - NaCl
• Glycols
22. Ammonia-water vapour absorption
refrigeration system
• The working of ammonia-water absorption
refrigeration system is based on the simple
vapor absorption refrigeration system. In this
system ammonia is used as the refrigerant and
water is used as the absorbent. The ammonia-
water absorption system is used in the
domestic as well the commercial applications
where the requirement of the temperature is
above 32 degree F.
23.
24.
25. In a water-lithium bromide vapor absorption
refrigeration system, water is used as the
refrigerant while lithium bromide (Li Br) is used as
the absorbent.
In the absorber, the lithium bromide absorbs the
water refrigerant, creating a solution of water
and lithium bromide.
This solution is pumped by the pump to the
generator where the solution is heated.
The water refrigerant gets vaporized and moves
to the condenser where it is cooled while the
lithium bromide flows back to the absorber
where it further absorbs water coming from the
evaporator.
30. Comparison between Vapour compression & Vapour
Absorption refrigeration systems
S.No Vapour Compression System Vapour Absorption System
1 The system has more wear and tear and produces noise
due to the moving parts in the compressor
The only moving part is the pump. The system is
quiet in operation and is subjected to very little
wear
2 A compressor ( Mechanical energy ) is used to change the
condition of the refrigerant from the evaporator
Heat energy is used to change the condition of the
refrigerant from the evaporator
3 The refrigerant capacity for a compressor unit is less than
1000 tonnes
Refrigerants with more than 1000 tonnes capacity
can be built
4 Electric power is needed to drive the system . i.e to run
the compressor
Heating coils or gas flame or even waste exhaust
steam can be used to heat the generator. Thus this
system can run even without electricity
5 Capacity of the system drops rapidly with lowered
evaporator pressure
Capacity of the system decreases very little with
lowered evaporator pressure
6 Energy supplied is ¼ to ½ of refrigerating effect Energy supplied is about 1 ½ times the
refrigerating effect
7 Refrigerant refilling is simple Refrigerating refilling is hard
8 At partial loads, the performance is poor At partial loads, the performance is not affected
34. PROPERTIES OF PYSCHROMETRIC
• Atmospheric air:
Air in the atmosphere is referred to as
atmospheric air.
• Dry air:
The normal atmospheric air with out the
presence of water vapour is called dry air.
• Water vapour:
It is the moisture present in the dry air.
35. • Moisture:
It is the water vapour present in dry air.
• Moisture air:
It is the mixture of dry air and water vapour.
• Saturated air:
When the mixture of air and water vapour
at a given temperature contains the maximum
amount of water vapour that it hold then it is
known as saturated air.
• Humidity:
It is the mass of water vapour present in 1
Kg of dry air and is generally expressed in
terms of gm per kg of dry air.
36. • Absolute Humidity:
It is the mass of water vapour present in
1m cube of dry air and is generally expressed
in terms of gm per cubic meter of dry air.
• Relative humidity:
It is the ratio of actual mass of water
vapour in a given volume of moisture air to
the mass of water vapour in the same volume
of saturated air. at the same temperature and
pressure.
37. • Degree of saturation:
It is the ratio of actual mass of water
vapour in unit mass of dry air to mass water
vapour in the same volume of saturated air at
the same temperature.
• Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT):
The temperature which is measured by an
ordinary thermometer is known as dry bulb
temperature.
38. • Wet bulb temperature (WBT):
It is the temperature of air measured by a
thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet
cloth and is exposed to a current rapidly moving
air.
• Wet bulb depression (WBD):
It is the difference between dry bulb
temperature and wet bulb temperature.
• Dew point temperature (DPT):
It is temperature at which the water vapour
present in the air begins to condense when the
air is cooled.
39. • Dew point Depression (DPD):
It is the difference between dry bulb
temperature and dew point temperature.
• Psychrometer:
It is a device which is used for measuring
dry bulb and wet bulb temperature
simultaneously.
41. • Sensible heating process:
The heating of air with out addition of
moisture is known as sensible heating. The
heating is done by passing the air over heating
coil of tubes.
• Sensible cooling process:
The cooling of air with out removal of
moisture is known as sensible cooling. The
cooling is done by passing the air over cooling
coil of tubes.
42. • Humidification process:
The addition of water vapour to the air is
known as humidification. Humidification is
done by spraying water over air stream at
constant dry bulb temperature of air.
• Dehumidification process:
The removal of water vapour from the air
is known as dehumidification. The water
vapour from the air can be removed
chemically, physically or thermodynamically.
43. Requirements of comfort air
conditioning
• The following factors are affecting the human
comfort in air conditioning
• Temperature of air
• Humidity of air
• Air motion
• Air purity
• noise
44. Classifications of Air conditioning
• According to the purpose
– Comfort air conditioning
– Industrial air conditioning
• According to season of the year
– Summer air conditioning
– Winter air conditioning
– Year round air conditioning
45. Types of air conditioning
• Room air conditioning
• Window air conditioning
• Central air conditioning
46. Functions of air conditioning
• Cleaning air
• Controlling the temperature of air
• Controlling the moisture content
• Circulating the air
47. Window air conditioner
• Or Room air conditioner
• Refrigerant used : R-12 or R-22
• It consists of :
– Compressor
– Air cooled condensor
– Capillary tube
– Evaporator
48.
49. • Condensor
– Refrigerant vapour ----- liquid Refrigerant
( High P, High T ) ( High P, Low T )
Capillary tube :
- Liquid Refrigerant------ Liquid Refrigerant
( High P, low T ) ( Low P, Low T )
Evaporator :
Liquid Refrigerant ------ vapour Refrigerant
( Low P, low T ) ( Low P, Low T)
Compressor:
Refrigerant vapour - ----- Refrigerant vapour
( low P, Low T ) ( High P, High T )
50. Split type room air conditioner
• They are used for small rooms and halls,
usually in places where window air
conditioners cannot be installed.
• It can be classified into two parts :
– The outdoor unit
– The indoor unit
51. Outdoor unit
• The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room,
houses components like the compressor ,
condenser, and expansion valve
52. • It consists of :
• Compressor :
– main component of the system
– used to compress the refrigerant
• Condenser coil :
used to reject the heat from the refrigerant to the
outside air
• Condenser fan :
rejecting the heat from the indoor unit to the space
outside the building
• Condenser motor :
usually has two to three speeds. Smaller unit may
only have 1 speed of control and turns on/off
simultaneously with the compressor
53. Indoor unit
• The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or
cooling coil and the cooling fan. The spilt air
conditioner can be used to cool one or two
rooms
54. • It consists of
• Evaporator coil
• Control panel
• Air filter
• Supply and return Air Grills
• Fan Blower
• Capillary tube
55.
56.
57. Multispilt Air conditioner
• In units for one outdoor unit there are two
indoor units which can be placed in two
different rooms or at two different locations
inside a large room
68. COOLING TOWERS
• A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that
rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through
the cooling of a water stream to a lower
temperature.
• Cooling towers may either use
the evaporation of water to remove process
heat and cool the working fluid
69. TYPES OF COOLING TOWERS
There are two types.
• Wet type
• Dry type
Wet type
1. Atmospheric or natural draught cooling
tower (Natural draught)
2. Mechanical draught cooling towers