AICE-Unit 3
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The document discusses engine exhaust emissions, including the formation of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate emissions. It describes methods for controlling these emissions, such as three-way catalytic converters and particulate traps. The document also covers equipment for measuring emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, smoke, and particulate matter. These include chemiluminescence, NDIR, and flame ionization methods for gases, as well as obscuration, continuous filter, Hartridge smokemeter, spot filtering, and Bosch smokemeter techniques for smoke and particulate measurements.
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The document discusses engine exhaust emissions, including the formation of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate emissions. It describes methods for controlling these emissions, such as three-way catalytic converters and particulate traps. The document also covers equipment for measuring emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, smoke, and particulate matter. These include chemiluminescence, NDIR, and flame ionization methods for gases, as well as obscuration, continuous filter, Hartridge smokemeter, spot filtering, and Bosch smokemeter techniques for smoke and particulate measurements.
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2. It provides an overview of coal as a fuel source including its formation, global reserves, and applications. It also summarizes the main processes in coal combustion.
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2. It outlines Indian emission standards (Bharat stages) for vehicles that have tightened over time from 1991 to Bharat Stage IV for both SI and CI engines.
3. The formation of engine emissions such as CO, HC, NOx, and PM are explained, as well as methods to control emissions including combustion optimization, operating parameters, and aftertreatment devices like catalytic converters.
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The document discusses air pollution from internal combustion engines and methods to control pollutant formation. It defines key terms like air pollution, emissions, and criteria pollutants. It then describes the major pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons that are emitted from gasoline and diesel engines. The document outlines various solutions that can be used to reduce emissions, such as improving engine design, using cleaner fuels, installing emission control devices, and promoting practices like proper vehicle maintenance and more efficient driving. Measurement techniques for analyzing pollutants are also summarized.
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This document discusses carbon monoxide detection using non-dispersive infrared instrumentation. It describes CO as an odorless, colorless gas that is toxic above 35 ppm. The instrument works by measuring the absorption of infrared light at 4.6 micrometers by CO molecules in a gas cell. A reference gas is generated by oxidizing CO to CO2 to eliminate interference from other gases. The analyzer provides accurate, stable measurements with automatic ranging from 0-100 ppm CO concentration.
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The document discusses recent trends in vehicle engines and technologies including air assisted combustion, homogeneous charge compression ignition engines, variable geometry turbochargers, common rail direct injection systems, hybrid electric vehicles, NOx adsorbers, and onboard diagnostics. It describes homogeneous charge compression ignition engines which auto-ignite compressed fuel and air, common rail direct injection systems, and the three types of hybrid electric vehicle systems: series, parallel, and series-parallel.
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This document discusses alternative fuels to gasoline such as alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It covers the properties, suitability, merits and demerits of these fuels, and any engine modifications needed to use them. Specifically, it examines using these fuels in spark ignition and compression ignition engines, and their effects on performance measures like brake power, fuel consumption, and emissions.
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The document discusses spark ignition engines. It covers mixture requirements, fuel injection systems including monopoint, multipoint, and direct injection. It describes the stages of normal and abnormal combustion as well as factors that affect knocking. It also discusses combustion chambers and their role in smooth engine operation and high power output.
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This document discusses production planning and control. It outlines several key objectives of production planning including minimizing costs and inventory while maximizing customer service and production efficiency. The document then describes different types of production systems like continuous, job-based, and intermittent production. It also discusses important aspects of production like product design, development, marketing, functional operations, aesthetics, and profit considerations. Standardization, simplification, and break-even analysis are also covered as important strategies for production.
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL-Unit 2
The document discusses work study and method study. It describes the basic procedures for method study which include selecting work to study, recording the existing method, examining the facts critically, developing a more efficient method, defining the new method, installing it, and maintaining it. It provides examples of different types of charts that can be used for process recording like operation process charts, flow process charts, two-handed process charts, and multiple activity charts. It also discusses principles of motion economy for efficient work methods.
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL-Unit 3
Product planning identifies market requirements to define a product's features. It serves as the basis for pricing, distribution, and promotion decisions. Value analysis aims to increase value, defined as function over cost, by improving function or reducing cost. Lack of product planning can lead to unsatisfied customers, quality issues, and loss of brand name. Process planning involves routing, scheduling, dispatching, and follow up based on product information, processes, capacity, orders, due dates, and resources. Economic batch quantity determines the optimal batch size to minimize average costs by balancing setup costs and inventory holding costs.
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL-Unit 4
The document discusses various production planning and scheduling functions including scheduling, loading, sequencing, expediting, Gantt charts, line of balance, linear scheduling method, batch production scheduling, MRP, kanban, dispatching, progress reporting, and manufacturing lead time. Scheduling determines when operations are performed and works are completed. Loading adds total operation times to planned workstation utilization. Sequencing and dispatching authorize starting operations. Expediting ensures plans meet commitments.
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL-Unit 5
Inventory control aims to ensure adequate supply without excessive overstock. It answers questions about when to order, where to store inventory, and how much to order. Two common inventory management techniques are the two-bin system and economic order quantity (EOQ) modeling, which help determine optimal order sizes and quantities. ABC analysis categorizes inventory items into A, B, and C groups to apply different control and recordkeeping policies based on importance and value.
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