Heat pumps transfer heat from one place to another using a refrigerant and an external energy source. They have four main components - an evaporator, condenser, expansion valve, and compressor. During heating, heat is absorbed from outdoor air and transferred indoors. During cooling, heat is absorbed indoors and released outside. Carbon dioxide is a natural, non-toxic refrigerant with no ozone depletion and low global warming potential. While less efficient than traditional refrigerants in simple cycles, CO2 systems can achieve higher efficiency through optimized design.
Heat Pump, their types, Classification of airconditioning system, ventilation: its purpose and types, Tunnel and Mine ventilation, All air, All water and Air-water airconditioning system
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Heat Pump, their types, Classification of airconditioning system, ventilation: its purpose and types, Tunnel and Mine ventilation, All air, All water and Air-water airconditioning system
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity.
This presentation introduces the principle of an air source heat pump, the key parts of the heat pump system and shows some examples of how heat pumps saves your money and protects the environment.
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity.
This presentation introduces the principle of an air source heat pump, the key parts of the heat pump system and shows some examples of how heat pumps saves your money and protects the environment.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Introduction
• Introduction to Heat pump
• Parts of a Heat pump Working of Heat pump
• Thermodynamics Process Terms associated with Heat pump
• Application of Heat pump Types of Refrigerant
• Why CO2 ?
• Properties of CO 2 as a Refrigerant
• Advantages of heat pumps with CO2 refrigerant
• Conclusion
3. • A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a heat source to a
heat sink against a temperature gradient. Heat pumps are designed to move
thermal energy opposite the direction of spontaneous heat flow. A heat
pump uses some amount of external high-grade energy to accomplish the
desired transfer of thermal energy from heat source to heat sink.
4. Parts of a heat pump
• Expansion Reversing valve
• Evaporator
• compressor
• Condenser
5. • The Refrigerant is the liquid/gaseous substance that circulates through the
heat pump alternately absorbing transporting and releasing heat. The
Reversing valve controls the direction of flow of the refrigerant in the heat
pump and changes the heat pump from heating to cooling mode or vice
versa.
6. • Working of heat pump Heat pumps mainly consists of operation Heating
cycle Cooling cycle Defrost cycle
7. THE HEATING CYCLE
• Working of heat pump During the heating cycle, heat is taken from outdoor
air and "pumped" indoors. The liquid refrigerant passes through the
expansion device, changing to a low-pressure liquid/vapour mixture. This
vapour passes through the reversing valve to the accumulator, which collects
any remaining liquid before the vapour enters the compressor. The reversing
valve sends the gas, which is now hot, to the indoor coil, which is the
condenser. Below this outdoor ambient temperature, the heat pump can
supply only part of the heat required to keep the living space comfortable,
and supplementary heat is required.
8. • Working of heat pump Cooling cycle The cycle described above is reversed
to cool the house during the summer. The unit takes heat out of the indoor
air and rejects it outside. As in the heating cycle, The liquid refrigerant
absorbs heat from the indoor air and boils,. This vapour passes through the
reversing valve to the accumulator, which collects any remaining liquid, and
then to the compressor.. The heat from the hot gas is transferred to the
outdoor air, causing the refrigerant to condense into a liquid. This liquid
returns to the expansion device, and the cycle is repeated. The heat pump
also dehumidifies the indoor air
9. • Defrost cycle Working of heat pump If the outdoor temperature falls to near
or below freezing when the heat pump is operating in the heating mode,
moisture in the air passing over the outside coil will con dense and freeze on
it. This frost build up decreases the efficiency of the coil by reducing its
ability to transfer heat to the refrigerant While heat pump is cooling the air in
the ductwork. The heating system would normally warm this air as it is
distributed throughout the house .
10. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
• Reversed Carnot cycle Reversed Carnot cycle is an ideal refrigeration cycle
for constant temperature external heat source and heat sinks.
11. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
• Reverse Brayton cycle This is an important cycle frequently employed in gas
cycle refrigeration systems. This may be thought of as a modification of
reversed Carnot cycle, as the two isothermal processes of Carnot cycle are
replaced by two isobaric heat transfer processes.
12. Coefficient of performance (COP)
• Coefficient of performance (COP): Terms associated with heat pump It is
the ratio of heat removed from the substance to the work supplied COP= It
is a measure of a heat pump’s efficiency The Higher the COP, the more
efficient the heat pump works
13. • Btu/h (British thermal unit per hour) : is a measure of the output of a
heating or cooling system, in one hour Ton: is a measure of heat pump
capacity equivalent to 3.5 kW or 12000 Btu/h Balance point : is the
temperature at which the amount of heating provided by the heat pump
equals the amount of heat lost from the house Terms associated with heat
pump
14. HEATING OF INTERIOR
ENVIRONMENTS
• Heat pumps may be used also solely for heating the internal environment.
Space heating Sanitary water heating Process heating Dehumidification Heat
recovery Application of heat pump
15. COOLING OF INTERIOR
ENVIRONMENTS
• Heat pumps are mainly used for cooling the internal environment as an
alternative source over conventional system Air-conditions Cold storage
Industrial use Application of heat pump
17. Why CO 2 ??
• Carbon dioxide is very abundant in the environment. It is a natural
refrigerant known and used in the past. Carbon dioxide has an ozone
depletion potential (ODP) of zero . It has a low replacement cost. In
addition to its basic environmental properties, carbon dioxide is non- toxic. It
carries an A1 safety classification (the same as most fluorocarbon
refrigerants), indicating that it has low toxicity and is non-flammable
18. • It is an inert product, compatible with all common materials encountered in
a refrigerating circuit, both metals and plastics or elastomers. the density of
carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m 3 , about 1.67 times that of air. high
working pressures At low concentrations, the gas is odourless high discharge
temperature NBP of CO2 is 195.4K Properties of CO 2 as a refrigerant
19. • No Fumes, odours and smoke Energy efficient The other challenge is that
CO2 refrigerant cycles operate at far higher pressure than standard vapour-
compression-cycle equipment A new generation of CO2 based heat pumps
could avoid the high global warming potential much higher temperatures
Advantages of heat pumps with (CO2) refrigerant
20. Conclusion
• The natural fluid Carbon Dioxide displays some excellent properties in the use as a
refrigerant in compression-type refrigerating or heat pump systems: it offers unequalled local
and ecological safety, widespread availability at low cost, with no need for recycling and
containment. Because of its low critical temperature (around 31 °C), CO2 does not compare
favourably against traditional refrigerants, as far as energy efficiency is concerned, when
simple theoretical cycle analyses are carried out. But this situation can be mitigated, and in
some cases completely reversed, by proper design of the system aimed at fully exploiting the
unique characteristics of CO2 and/or the exclusive features of transcritical cycles, which
bring about important factors that improve the practical performance of CO2 systems. A
widespread research activity is underway world-wide for the application of CO2 in many
areas with promising results, including mobile and residential air conditioning, heat pumps,
and water chillers, commercial and marine applications).