ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY - UNIT 2
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This document contains information about an engineering metallurgy course taught by M. Karthikeyan at AAA College of Engineering & Technology in Sivakasi, India. The course covers topics such as annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering of steels, isothermal transformation diagrams, cooling curves, hardenability testing, and various heat treatment processes including austempering, martempering, case hardening, flame hardening, and induction hardening. It also lists three review questions about surface hardening processes.
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ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY - UNIT 1
This document discusses the classification of steels based on carbon percentage. It describes three main classifications: low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel. Low-carbon steel contains less than 0.25% carbon and has a ferrite and pearlite microstructure, making it ductile, tough, machinable, and weldable. It is used for automotive panels, pipes, and structural steel. Medium-carbon steel contains 0.25-0.60% carbon and has a martensitic microstructure when heat treated, making it stronger than low-carbon steel but less ductile. It is used for machinery parts. High-carbon steel contains 0.60-2% carbon and
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The document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and analyzing hardenability. Annealing involves heating material to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing is similar but involves faster cooling in air to refine grain structure. Hardening increases hardness through rapid quenching from austenitizing temperatures resulting in martensite formation. Tempering improves toughness of hardened steel by reheating to precipitate carbides. Hardenability is measured using the Jominy end quench test and indicates the depth of hardness achieved during quenching.
Heat treatment of Steels
Heat treatment is used to alter the physical and mechanical properties of metals through controlled heating and cooling without changing the shape. It involves phase transformations during heating and cooling to modify the microstructure. Common heat treatments include annealing, which involves slowly cooling a heated metal to reduce hardness and increase ductility after cold working, and normalizing, which heats metal to above the critical temperature to dissolve carbides before air cooling. Recrystallization is an important annealing process where new strain-free grains nucleate and grow to replace the deformed microstructure.
Heat treatment of steel
The document provides information on heat treatment processes for steel, including:
- TTT diagrams show the relationship between temperature and time for decomposition transformations under isothermal conditions.
- Construction of TTT diagrams involves isothermally heating and quenching many small steel specimens to determine reaction curves.
- Common heat treatments include annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses while normalizing refines grains. Hardening forms martensite to increase hardness but tempering is required afterwards to improve properties.
Cast irons
Here is a heat treatment that could help determine the carbon content of the steel:
1. Reheat the steel to above its upper critical temperature to fully austenitize it.
2. Quickly quench it in oil or water to transform the austenite to martensite.
3. Measure the hardness of the resulting martensite. Higher carbon steels will have a higher hardness.
4. Compare the measured hardness to known hardness values for different carbon contents after a similar heat treatment. This could provide an estimate of the carbon content.
The idea is that the hardness of the martensite is dependent on the carbon content. By inducing a full martensitic transformation, the carbon content
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This document discusses engineering materials and metallurgy. It covers three main topics:
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3. The various groups of engineering materials - metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, and polymers - and their applications in machines, devices, and structures.
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This document discusses the classification of steels based on carbon percentage. It describes three main classifications: low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel. Low-carbon steel contains less than 0.25% carbon and has a ferrite and pearlite microstructure, making it ductile, tough, machinable, and weldable. It is used for automotive panels, pipes, and structural steel. Medium-carbon steel contains 0.25-0.60% carbon and has a martensitic microstructure when heat treated, making it stronger than low-carbon steel but less ductile. It is used for machinery parts. High-carbon steel contains 0.60-2% carbon and
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The document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and analyzing hardenability. Annealing involves heating material to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing is similar but involves faster cooling in air to refine grain structure. Hardening increases hardness through rapid quenching from austenitizing temperatures resulting in martensite formation. Tempering improves toughness of hardened steel by reheating to precipitate carbides. Hardenability is measured using the Jominy end quench test and indicates the depth of hardness achieved during quenching.
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Heat treatment is used to alter the physical and mechanical properties of metals through controlled heating and cooling without changing the shape. It involves phase transformations during heating and cooling to modify the microstructure. Common heat treatments include annealing, which involves slowly cooling a heated metal to reduce hardness and increase ductility after cold working, and normalizing, which heats metal to above the critical temperature to dissolve carbides before air cooling. Recrystallization is an important annealing process where new strain-free grains nucleate and grow to replace the deformed microstructure.
Heat treatment of steel
The document provides information on heat treatment processes for steel, including:
- TTT diagrams show the relationship between temperature and time for decomposition transformations under isothermal conditions.
- Construction of TTT diagrams involves isothermally heating and quenching many small steel specimens to determine reaction curves.
- Common heat treatments include annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. Annealing relieves stresses while normalizing refines grains. Hardening forms martensite to increase hardness but tempering is required afterwards to improve properties.
Cast irons
Here is a heat treatment that could help determine the carbon content of the steel:
1. Reheat the steel to above its upper critical temperature to fully austenitize it.
2. Quickly quench it in oil or water to transform the austenite to martensite.
3. Measure the hardness of the resulting martensite. Higher carbon steels will have a higher hardness.
4. Compare the measured hardness to known hardness values for different carbon contents after a similar heat treatment. This could provide an estimate of the carbon content.
The idea is that the hardness of the martensite is dependent on the carbon content. By inducing a full martensitic transformation, the carbon content
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Austenitic iron is non-magnetic, while ferritic iron is magnetic, due to their different temperatures rather than phases. Magnetism in iron arises from electron spin alignment within atomic zones. Above the Curie temperature, thermal energy disrupts zone formation, eliminating magnetism. The Curie point for iron is near austenite's stability range, but heating ferrite or quenching austenite above the Curie point also removes magnetism, demonstrating it is a temperature not phase effect.
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2. Heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening, and tempering of steel. Isothermal transformation diagrams and hardenability are also discussed.
3. The various groups of engineering materials - metals and alloys, ceramics and glasses, and polymers - and their applications in machines, devices, and structures.
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The document discusses heat treatment processes for metals like steel. It describes the purposes of heat treatment as relieving stress, improving machinability, and changing grain structure. Specific heat treatment processes covered include annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing involves slowly heating and cooling to soften metals. Normalizing heats above critical temperature and air cools for hardness. Hardening rapidly cools from above critical temperature to form martensite for maximum hardness. Tempering then reheats hardened steel to relieve brittleness.
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- Carbon content determines the type of steel - low carbon (<0.35%) is mild steel, medium carbon (0.35-0.55%) is harder, and high carbon (0.55-1.55%) responds to heat treatment.
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This document discusses heat treatment of steel, including:
- The iron-carbon phase diagram which shows the different phases of steel at various temperatures and carbon levels.
- Common constituents in steel like ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite.
- Heat treatment processes like hardening, quenching, and tempering which are used to change the microstructure and properties of steel.
- Quenching involves rapidly cooling steel from high temperatures to form martensite and involves considerations like quenching media and cooling rates.
- Tempering is used after quenching to reduce brittleness and relieve stresses by reheating steel to lower temperatures.
- Furnaces like batch and
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The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is used to relieve stress and induce softness. Normalizing increases strength and achieves a uniform structure. Hardening through quenching improves hardness but causes brittleness, which tempering relieves by controlled reheating. The Jominy end quench test measures a steel's hardenability or ability to harden uniformly during quenching.
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- Bainite is a diffusional transformation of austenite to ferrite and cementite that forms as needles or plates depending on temperature. Upper bainite resembles pearlite while lower bainite forms black needle structures.
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Transformation of martensite
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1. The document discusses various heat treatment processes for steels including annealing, normalizing, and hardening.
2. Annealing involves heating and slow cooling to soften steel by refining grain structure. Types include stress relief, spheroidizing, and full annealing.
3. Normalizing refines grain size by heating above the critical temperature and slow cooling in air.
4. Hardening increases hardness and wear resistance by heating and quenching in water or oil to form martensite.
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The document discusses various heat treatment processes. It defines heat treatment as operations involving heating and cooling of metals/alloys in their solid state to obtain desirable properties. It describes the stages of heat treatment as heating, soaking, and cooling. It then discusses various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering in detail including their purposes, methods, and effects on material properties.
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The document discusses time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, which show the kinetics of isothermal transformations in steel alloys. TTT diagrams plot temperature versus the logarithm of time and indicate when specific transformations start and end. They show that austenite is stable above the lower critical temperature but unstable below it. Depending on the cooling rate, austenite can transform into pearlite, bainite, or martensite. Slow cooling leads to full pearlite transformation, while very fast cooling results in full martensite formation. TTT diagrams provide information about transformation rates, temperatures, phases, and microstructure sizes.
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This document outlines the topics to be covered in the ME 8491 Engineering Metallurgy course, including definitions of various heat treatments like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering of steel. It will discuss isothermal transformation diagrams, cooling curves, critical cooling rate, hardenability testing methods like the Jominy end quench test. Other heat treatment processes that will be covered include austempering, martempering, case hardening techniques like carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding, as well as flame and induction hardening and vacuum and plasma hardening. The document also lists four questions related to differences between stress relief and recrystallization annealing, types of annealing processes
ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY - UNIT 2
This document contains information about the ME 8491 Engineering Metallurgy course taught by M. Karthikeyan at AAA College of Engineering & Technology, Sivakasi. The document defines various heat treatment processes for steel like full annealing, stress relief, recrystallization, and spheroidizing. It also discusses normalizing, hardening, and tempering of steel. Additional topics covered include isothermal transformation diagrams, cooling curves, critical cooling rate, hardenability testing via the Jominy end quench test, and surface hardening techniques like austempering, martempering, case hardening, flame hardening, and induction hardening. The document also lists questions related to heat
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The document discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures that form in steels of different carbon compositions. It defines the key phases - ferrite, austenite, cementite, pearlite - and explains how they form and transform based on the iron-carbon diagram. Specifically, it describes how hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels will transform as they cool, forming either primary ferrite, pearlite, or primary cementite structures respectively. The document provides detailed information on interpreting the iron-carbon phase diagram.
ALLOY STEELS
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The document discusses various microstructural transformations in steel alloys as a function of temperature and time. It introduces time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams as tools to predict microstructures resulting from different heat treatments. TTT diagrams apply to isothermal heat treatments where temperature is held constant, while CCT diagrams apply to continuous cooling processes. The document outlines various microstructures including pearlite, bainite, martensite, and spheroidite and how they form on these diagrams. It also discusses how alloying elements can shift the transformation curves and impact critical cooling rates required to form martensite.
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- Steels are alloys of iron and carbon, with other common alloying elements including manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.
- Carbon content determines the type of steel - low carbon (<0.35%) is mild steel, medium carbon (0.35-0.55%) is harder, and high carbon (0.55-1.55%) responds to heat treatment.
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This document discusses heat treatment of steel, including:
- The iron-carbon phase diagram which shows the different phases of steel at various temperatures and carbon levels.
- Common constituents in steel like ferrite, austenite, cementite, and pearlite.
- Heat treatment processes like hardening, quenching, and tempering which are used to change the microstructure and properties of steel.
- Quenching involves rapidly cooling steel from high temperatures to form martensite and involves considerations like quenching media and cooling rates.
- Tempering is used after quenching to reduce brittleness and relieve stresses by reheating steel to lower temperatures.
- Furnaces like batch and
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The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Annealing is used to relieve stress and induce softness. Normalizing increases strength and achieves a uniform structure. Hardening through quenching improves hardness but causes brittleness, which tempering relieves by controlled reheating. The Jominy end quench test measures a steel's hardenability or ability to harden uniformly during quenching.
Thermo Mechanical Treatment
The document discusses the process of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) of steel. It defines TMT as a surface quenching process used to produce steel bars with high strength. The key aspects of TMT are surface quenching to form martensite, self-tempering to refine the microstructure, and final cooling. The mechanical properties of TMT bars depend on factors like the martensite volume fraction, cooling rate, and microstructure of the core.
Characteristics of Pearlite, Bainite and Martensite
- Pearlite is a diffusion-dependent eutectoid mixture of ferrite and cementite plates that forms during slow cooling of steel with around 0.76% carbon. It has a tensile strength of around 120,000 psi.
- Bainite is a diffusional transformation of austenite to ferrite and cementite that forms as needles or plates depending on temperature. Upper bainite resembles pearlite while lower bainite forms black needle structures.
- Martensite is a non-equilibrium body-centered tetragonal structure that forms via a diffusionless transformation from austenite during rapid quenching, trapping carbon atoms interstitially. It is very hard but
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TTT diagram
The document discusses time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams and the phase transformations they describe. TTT diagrams show the percentage of a phase transformation completed over temperature and time for a given alloy composition. They can indicate the microstructural phases like pearlite, bainite, and martensite that form during heating and cooling processes. The document explains how TTT diagrams are constructed from isothermal experiments and describes the various diffusion-controlled and diffusionless transformations that occur for a eutectoid steel depending on the cooling rate.
Transformation of martensite
Martensitic transformations are diffusionless, solid-state structural changes driven by shear displacements. They occur rapidly in many metal, ceramic, and polymer systems. Important examples include the transformation of austenite to martensite in steels during quenching, and the shape memory effect exploited in medical devices like stents. The Bain model originally proposed the mechanism as a combination of homogeneous lattice deformation and atomic shuffles, but has inconsistencies. Modern understanding involves dislocation or shear-based mechanisms constrained by the crystallography of the parent and product phases.
Case hardening
Case hardening is a surface hardening technique used to harden the outer surface of low-carbon steels. It involves adding carbon to the surface through carburizing or nitriding processes, then hardening the case. This produces a hard outer layer while leaving the soft inner core intact. Benefits include wear resistance on rotating parts like gears while maintaining the core's flexibility. Common methods are pack carburizing, gas carburizing, cyaniding, and nitriding.
Heat treatment part 2
1. The document discusses various heat treatment processes for steels including annealing, normalizing, and hardening.
2. Annealing involves heating and slow cooling to soften steel by refining grain structure. Types include stress relief, spheroidizing, and full annealing.
3. Normalizing refines grain size by heating above the critical temperature and slow cooling in air.
4. Hardening increases hardness and wear resistance by heating and quenching in water or oil to form martensite.
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This document discusses phase transformations that occur during welding of different materials. It covers topics like weld CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent calculations for preheating requirements of steels, welding metallurgy of stainless steels, and Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams. The objectives are to understand weld metal microstructure development, factors affecting weldability, and predicting weld metal phase constitution. Keywords discussed include CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent values, Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams, and microstructures of welded joints.
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The document discusses various heat treatment processes. It defines heat treatment as operations involving heating and cooling of metals/alloys in their solid state to obtain desirable properties. It describes the stages of heat treatment as heating, soaking, and cooling. It then discusses various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering in detail including their purposes, methods, and effects on material properties.
TTT Diagram
The document discusses time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, which show the kinetics of isothermal transformations in steel alloys. TTT diagrams plot temperature versus the logarithm of time and indicate when specific transformations start and end. They show that austenite is stable above the lower critical temperature but unstable below it. Depending on the cooling rate, austenite can transform into pearlite, bainite, or martensite. Slow cooling leads to full pearlite transformation, while very fast cooling results in full martensite formation. TTT diagrams provide information about transformation rates, temperatures, phases, and microstructure sizes.
Metal Joining Processes
The document discusses various metal joining processes, focusing on welding. It describes different types of welding processes, including arc welding, gas welding, resistance welding, and solid state welding. For arc welding processes specifically, it explains gas metal arc welding (MIG), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), and the consumable electrodes, shielding gases, and power sources used.
Distortion in welding
This document discusses distortion that can occur during welding processes. It defines distortion as any unwanted physical change to a fabricated structure due to welding. The main causes of distortion are non-uniform expansion/contraction from the welding thermal cycle and internal stresses formed in the base metal. The extent of distortion depends on material properties like thermal expansion and welding factors like process, amount of weld metal, and edge preparation. Different types of distortions like longitudinal, transverse, angular, bending, twisting and buckling are described. Methods to measure and control distortion include welding sequence, fixtures, preheating, and post weld heat treatment. Various materials have a welding suitability index calculated to indicate their distortion sensitivity during welding.
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Characteristics of Pearlite, Bainite and Martensite
Characteristics of Pearlite, Bainite and Martensite
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This document discusses austenitic stainless steels, including their history, classification, and key properties. It begins with an overview of the development of stainless steels starting in the late 19th century. It then describes the main types of stainless steels - austenitic, martensitic, and ferritic - focusing on their characteristic compositions and microstructures. The document highlights how alloying elements affect phase stability and properties like corrosion resistance and formability.
Corrosion resistant materials
This document discusses corrosion resistant materials for extreme environments. It begins with an introduction that defines corrosion and extreme environments. It then reviews literature on the corrosion properties of various nickel alloys, high entropy alloys, and MCrAlY coatings. Next, it describes various corrosion resistant metals like stainless steels, nickel and aluminum alloys. It discusses recent developments in high entropy alloys and metal coatings. Finally, it provides two case studies on corrosion issues in nuclear power plants and gas turbine blades.
A Case Study of Heat Treatment on AISI 1020 Steel
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
Design of ceramics
This document discusses the design considerations for ceramic materials. It first classifies ceramics as inorganic compounds with complex crystal structures containing ionic and covalent bonds. This makes ceramics strong but also brittle with low mechanical strength. Key design considerations include accounting for their brittleness by placing ceramic parts under compression and avoiding tension. Dimensional changes during drying and firing must also be considered. Fracture mechanics is important for ceramic design given their susceptibility to cracking. Thermal shock resistance depends on factors like the material's flexural strength and thermal expansion coefficient.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated Steel
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
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TRIP-assisted steels are mass produced steels that use a complex heat treatment to develop a microstructure consisting of allotriomorphic ferrite, bainite, martensite, and retained austenite. Their major application is in the automobile industry. There are two types of TRIP-assisted steels that differ in their heat treatment process. TWIP steels are austenitic and accommodate strain through dislocation glide and mechanical twinning, resulting in high ductility and strength. Micro-alloyed steels produced by controlled rolling have moderate strength, good toughness and weldability, and are widely used in applications like pipelines. The embrittlement and fracture of steels depends on
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Comp...
This document describes the fabrication and characterization of a hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite. The composite was created using AA6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with silicon carbide, magnesium, and fly ash particles using stir casting. The goal was to improve the wear rate, tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness of the composite compared to the unreinforced alloy. Tests were conducted on the composite to evaluate these properties, including ultimate tensile strength testing, wear testing, compressive strength testing, hardness testing, and microstructure analysis. Taguchi's design of experiments method was used to determine the optimum processing parameters to minimize wear rate. The composite showed improved properties over the aluminum alloy alone.
7.dayanand m. goudar 72 85
The document discusses the microstructures and mechanical properties of an Al-25Mg2Si-2Cu alloy produced through spray deposition and heat treatment techniques. The spray deposition process resulted in a fine-grained microstructure with uniform dispersion of intermetallic phases. Hot compression further refined the microstructure and reduced porosity. Heat treatment including solutionizing and aging led to spheroidization of Mg2Si particles and uniform precipitation of strengthening phases, improving tensile properties and hardness up to 174 HV. Prolonged aging caused coarsening of precipitates and reduction in mechanical properties. Overall, spray deposition followed by hot working and heat treatment optimized the microstructure and properties of the alloy.
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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