This document discusses phase transformations that occur during welding of different materials. It covers topics like weld CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent calculations for preheating requirements of steels, welding metallurgy of stainless steels, and Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams. The objectives are to understand weld metal microstructure development, factors affecting weldability, and predicting weld metal phase constitution. Keywords discussed include CCT diagrams, carbon equivalent values, Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams, and microstructures of welded joints.
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Analysis of Interfacial Microsstructure of Post Weld Heat Treated Dissimilar ...IOSR Journals
In Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), the main vessel which contains the primary sodium and supports the
core is suspended from the roof slab. The materials for construction for main vessel and roof slab are type 316LN austenitic
stainless steel and Carbon steel of grade A48P2, respectively. As the materials of construction are different, a transition joint
between austenitic stainless steel and C-steel is necessary. In this investigation the effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the interfacial microstructure of as-welded and PWHTed type 316LN/C-steel joint welded with Inconel 182 was investigated. These joints were PWHTed to various temperatures between 898 to 973K for 1h and results were evaluated. From the above results, different methods to temper the martensitic structure or to change to an equilibrium structure without PWHT are also presented.
Topic related to material science and metallurgy, Includes basic information about steel.Also the Iron-Iron Carbon Diagrams and its structures with various features of fe-c diagram.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Design and Metallurgy of Weld Joints
(MEM-510)
1 - 1
Phase
Transformations
In Welding
Dr. Chaitanya Sharma
2. Phase Transformations
Lesson Objectives
In this chapter we shall discuss the following:
1. Weld CCT diagrams
2. Carbon equivalent-preheating and post
heating weldability of low alloy steels
3. Welding of stainless steels.
4. Schaffler and Delong diagrams;
5. welding of cast irons, Cu; Al; Ti and Ni
alloys.
6. Processes- difficulties;
7. Microstructures; defects and remedial
measures.
Learning Activities
1. Look up Keywords
2. View Slides;
3. Read Notes,
4. Listen to lecture
Keywords:
3. CCT Diagram for Weld
• Continuous-cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams explain
development of weld metal microstructure of low-carbon, low-alloy
steels .
• The hexagons represent the transverse cross sections of columnar
austenite grains in the weld metal. As austenite (g) is cooled down
from high temperature, ferrite (a) nucleates at the grain boundary
and grows inward.
• The grain boundary ferrite is
also called “allotriomorphic”
ferrite, meaning that it is a
ferrite without a regular
faceted shape reflecting its
internal crystalline structure.
Fig: CCT diagram for weld metal of low carbon steel
4. CCT Diagram for Weld
continued…
• At lower temperatures mobility of the planar growth front of the grain
boundary ferrite decreases and Widmanstatten ferrite, also called side-
plate ferrite, forms instead.
• These side plates can grow faster because carbon, instead of piling up at
planar growth front, is pushed to sides of the growing tips. Substitutional
atoms do not diffuse during the growth of Widmanstatten ferrite.
• At even lower temperatures it is too
slow for Widmanstatten ferrite to
grow to the grain interior and it is
faster if new ferrite nucleates
ahead of the growing ferrite.
• This new ferrite, that is, acicular
ferrite, nucleates at inclusion
particles and has randomly oriented
short ferrite needles with a basket
weave feature. Fig: CCT diagram for weld metal of low carbon steel
5. Microstructure of Weld Metal
Fig: Micrographs showing typical weld metal microstructures in low-
carbon steels: A, grain boundary ferrite; B, polygonal ferrite; C,
Widmanstatten ferrite; D, acicular ferrite; E, upper bainite; F, lower
bainite.
8. Weldability of steel
• Weldability of steel is closely related to the amount of carbon in
steel.
• Weldability is also affected by the presence of other elements.
• The combined effect of carbon and other alloying elements on the
weldability is given by “carbon equivalent value (Ceq)”, which is
given by
Ceq =%C + % Mn/6 + (% Cr + % Mo + % V)/5+(% Ni + % Cu)/15
• The steel is considered to be weldable without preheating, if Ceq
< 0.42%.
• However, if carbon is less than 0.12% then Ceq can be tolerated
upto 0.45%.
1 - 8
9. Schaeffler Diagram
• Schaeffler constitution diagram (shown in fig), provide
quantitative relationship between the composition and ferrite
content of the weld metal.
• It also helps in predicting solidification mode.
• The chromium equivalent of
a given alloy is determined
from the concentrations of
ferrite formers Cr, Mo, Si,
and Cb,
• The austenite equivalent is
determined from the
concentrations of austenite
formers Ni, C, and Mn.
Fig: Schaeffler diagram for predicting weld ferrite contents and solidification mode
10. DeLong’s Diagram
• DeLong refined Schaeffler’s diagram to include nitrogen, a
strong austenite former.
Fig: Delong diagram for predicting weld ferrite contents and solidification mode
• Also, the ferrite
content is expressed
in terms of the ferrite
number, which is
more reproducible
than the ferrite
percentage and can
be determined
nondestructively by
magnetic means.
The solidification occurs when a single phase (I.e. liquid) solidifies into two phases (I.e. solid plus liquid). As we learned previously in solid transformations between a single phase to two solid phases, there was a redistribution of solute (in the previous case, the diffusion of carbon as austenite transformed to ferrite plus austenite). So it is with the solidification of a material. In the figure above, the liquid at composition Co produces solid material which forms at the start of the solidification process with a composition kCo, where k is called the distribution coefficient. Since the solid has slightly less %B than the liquid, the liquid immediately in front of the advancing solid-liquid interface get slightly enriched in %B. This continues until a solute spike is produced, the peak composition being Co/k. Thereafter the solute spike gets pushed ahead of the solid-liquid interface until solidification is completed.
The distribution coefficient k in the previous case represented a phase diagram as illustrated in the lower right portion of this figure where the liquidus line as illustrated has a negative slope. The solute spike is seen in the upper figure, and the resulting effective liquidus curve corresponding to the composition of the solute spike over distance is in the lower left curve. Note that over a region called the region of constitutional supercooling, the actual temperature of the liquid is lower than the effective liquidus. This means that material of this composition over this constitutional supercooled region wants to instantaneously solidify. A condition like this make the dendrites immediately jump to a solidified distance “y” as illustrated on the lower left diagram.
For a phase diagram where the liquidus has a positive slope a similar spike, however in the opposite direction, as illustrated in figures b & d results, but the constitutional supercooled region remains the same. (Try it out by redrawing the previous slide with a positive liquidus and the depressed spike as in illustration d.
When the extend of the supercooled region gets larger, the dendrite morphology transforms more from the cells as illustrated on the left toward multiple branched dendritic represented by the figure on the right. Because solute is redistributed between the core of the dendrites and the boundaries where the last liquid to solidify resides, there is also a solute distribution between the solid core and the mostly liquid boundaries. Note that for the negative sloped liquidus, this results in a spike at the cell and dendrite boundaries (higher in the dendrites). Reinvestigating the phase diagram, these spikes result in liquid with lower effective melting temperatures. That means that liquid tends to remain at the dendrite boundaries with the core of the dendrites being solid. Solid material can support tensile stresses do to solidification shrinkage mentioned previously, but liquid interdendritic films can not support tensile stresses. The result is hot tears occurring along the dendrite boundaries.
When the solidifying interface reaches the middle of the weld, it meets the approaching interface from the other side with its solute spike in advance. The result is a combination of the two solute spikes, and an even more lowering of the effective liquidus temperature of this last to solidify material located in the final interface boundary.