The document discusses qualitative research methods used in business research. It describes qualitative research as research that aims to provide interpretations of phenomena through techniques like interviews and observations, without relying on numerical measurement. Some common qualitative research methods discussed include focus groups, depth interviews, observation, and case studies. The document also compares qualitative and quantitative research and outlines different qualitative research orientations such as phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.
Ethical Considerations of a Qualitative Research N. Mach
Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the research. ... Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any way whatsoever. Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized. Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the study. (Research Methodology)
Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
A case study is an in-depth analysis of a specific situation or event. It aims to provide a detailed understanding of a topic by studying it extensively in its real-world context. Case studies can be used to test theories, explore situations with complex or unclear outcomes, and describe interventions and contexts. They involve collecting data from multiple sources and analyzing it to understand the case. While case studies provide rich details, their findings may not be generalizable and the research can be lengthy.
Writing Qualitative Research Reports PowerPointCharita Alston
This document provides guidance on writing qualitative research papers. It discusses that qualitative research is not complete until the report is written, with the researcher analyzing data through reflective steps of writing. The report increases understanding of social phenomena through quotes as evidence for themes. Special challenges include fewer competent referees and journals accepting qualitative papers, which tend to be longer. Sections include introduction, literature review, methods on data collection and analysis, findings using text rather than tables, discussion of limitations and implications, and conclusions. The methods section details the study context and participants, and analytic plan. The results prioritize the story to tell through representative quotations. The discussion links findings to previous research and next steps.
This document provides an overview of a qualitative analysis boot camp session covering topics such as qualitative research introduction, data collection, coding and analysis, reporting, and resources. The session includes a coding practice exercise and time for questions. Presenters will discuss qualitative vs quantitative research, applications in health education and promotion, sample methodologies like interviews and focus groups, online data collection methods, grounded theory, coding with software assistance, visualizing data, and reporting trends and themes from qualitative analysis.
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
Ethical Considerations of a Qualitative Research N. Mach
Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the research. ... Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any way whatsoever. Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized. Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the study. (Research Methodology)
Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
A case study is an in-depth analysis of a specific situation or event. It aims to provide a detailed understanding of a topic by studying it extensively in its real-world context. Case studies can be used to test theories, explore situations with complex or unclear outcomes, and describe interventions and contexts. They involve collecting data from multiple sources and analyzing it to understand the case. While case studies provide rich details, their findings may not be generalizable and the research can be lengthy.
Writing Qualitative Research Reports PowerPointCharita Alston
This document provides guidance on writing qualitative research papers. It discusses that qualitative research is not complete until the report is written, with the researcher analyzing data through reflective steps of writing. The report increases understanding of social phenomena through quotes as evidence for themes. Special challenges include fewer competent referees and journals accepting qualitative papers, which tend to be longer. Sections include introduction, literature review, methods on data collection and analysis, findings using text rather than tables, discussion of limitations and implications, and conclusions. The methods section details the study context and participants, and analytic plan. The results prioritize the story to tell through representative quotations. The discussion links findings to previous research and next steps.
This document provides an overview of a qualitative analysis boot camp session covering topics such as qualitative research introduction, data collection, coding and analysis, reporting, and resources. The session includes a coding practice exercise and time for questions. Presenters will discuss qualitative vs quantitative research, applications in health education and promotion, sample methodologies like interviews and focus groups, online data collection methods, grounded theory, coding with software assistance, visualizing data, and reporting trends and themes from qualitative analysis.
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as focusing on understanding human behavior and reasons for behavior through words rather than numbers. The document outlines different qualitative research approaches like phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, biographical studies, and case studies. It compares qualitative and quantitative research and discusses qualitative research purposes, methods of data collection including interviews, observations, documents, and focus groups. The document also covers qualitative sampling strategies, designing a qualitative study, and concerns of qualitative researchers.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including types of research, the research process, and criteria for good research. It describes the main types of research as applied, basic, correlational, descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, exploratory, and historical. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. Criteria for good research include having a clear definition, explainable design, sufficient data, and validity and reliability checks.
This document discusses and compares quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. It provides information on:
- The basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research, including their analytical objectives, types of questions asked, data collection instruments used, types of data produced, and flexibility.
- Common methodologies used in social science studies, including quantitative and qualitative approaches.
- Details on quantitative research, which aims to test theories, uses standardized instruments and large sample sizes, and takes a deductive approach. Qualitative research aims to build theories, uses small sample sizes and flexible instruments like interviews, and takes an inductive approach.
- The key difference between the two is flexibility - quantitative methods are less flexible while qualitative methods allow greater
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research method. It defines ethnography as the description and interpretation of cultural behavior through field work and written text. Ethnographic research aims to understand a culture from an emic or etic perspective by observing cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech in natural contexts over time. The key characteristics of ethnographic research are that it is contextual, unobtrusive, longitudinal, collaborative, interpretative, and organic. Successful ethnographies employ methods like interviews, observation, and document analysis to develop a rich narrative description of a culture. The outcome is a holistic understanding of cultural norms, behaviors, and practices that can provide insights for health research.
The document discusses various qualitative research methods including interviews, observation, and focus group discussions. It provides details on the different types of interviews such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also outlines the key elements and considerations for conducting effective interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. These methods are explained as approaches for obtaining direct information from research participants and exploring their perspectives in an in-depth manner.
Data plays an important role in any research or study conducted. It aids in bringing about a breakthrough in the respective field as well as for future researches. The collection of data is carried out in two forms viz: Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data which includes further bifurcation under it.
What is Qualitative Data?
Qualitative research can be defined as the method of research which focuses on gaining relevant information through observational, open-ended and communication method. They are more exploratory which concentrates on gaining insights about the situation and dig a bit deeper to find the underlying reason. The central idea behind using this method is to find the answer to Why and How rather than How many. Data gathered during a qualitative research is what is termed as qualitative data.
What is the purpose?
A qualitative data is non-numerical and more textual which comprises mostly of images, written texts, recorded audios and spoken words by people. Moreover, one can conduct qualitative research online as well as offline too. Apart from this, the varied purpose of qualitative research is as follows:
- To examine the purpose or reason for the situation
- Gain an understanding of the experience of people
- Understanding of relations and meaning
- Varied norms including social and political as well as contextual and cultural practice which impact the cause.
Topic 1 introduction to quantitative researchAudrey Antee
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research. It defines quantitative research as collecting and analyzing numerical data to explore, describe, explain, or predict trends. Quantitative research aims for objectivity and controls outside factors. It states hypotheses and uses statistics to analyze results. The document outlines reasons for quantitative research such as exploration, description, explanation, prediction, and evaluation. It also describes common types of quantitative research designs and the key components of measurement, sampling, research design, and statistical procedures.
Qualitative data analysis: many approaches to understand user insightsAgnieszka Szóstek
The fifth lecture at HITLab, Canterbury University in New Zealand was all about how important it is to run a proper analysis of the qualitative data. We discussed the value in looking at data from individual (phenomenological) perspective versus combined (reductionist) perspective. But we agreed that regardless of the chosen approach it is crucial to look at the data from more than just one perspective to be sure the interpretation is not biased by researcher's on view of the world.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
This presentation, presented to senior thesis students at UC Berkeley, reviews the uses of qualitative research methods such as ethnography in public health, walking students through methods, sampling, ensuring rigor, and analysis with CAQDAS software such as Atlas.ti
The document provides an overview of a course on qualitative research methods. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the lectures, including what qualitative research is, different qualitative research strategies and how to implement them, methods for collecting data through observation and interviews, and analyzing qualitative data. The lectures will cover theory, qualitative research strategies and processes, data collection techniques, and critiques of qualitative research approaches.
Qualitative Research Method - an Introduction (updated jan 2011)Hora Tjitra
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It discusses key aspects of qualitative research such as what qualitative research refers to, common qualitative research paradigms, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. The document also outlines the qualitative research process from developing research topics and questions to data collection and analysis. It provides examples of common qualitative research designs including field research, case studies, and action research. Data collection techniques in qualitative research like interviews and observation are also examined.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
This document provides an overview of mixed methods research. It discusses the three main types of research designs: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. It explains the differences between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of purpose, group studied, variables, data collection/analysis, and results. The document also discusses pragmatism as the philosophy behind mixed methods research and reasons for combining methods. It outlines various ways that qualitative and quantitative methods can be mixed, such as through timing, weighting, and mixing of data. The document concludes by describing six main mixed methods designs and recommending further readings on the topic.
The document discusses the process of collecting qualitative data through various methods such as observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials. It provides details on purposeful sampling strategies, gaining access to research sites and participants, developing data collection forms like interview protocols, and ethical considerations in qualitative data collection. The key steps and advantages and disadvantages of different qualitative data collection methods are also outlined.
The 8 steps in scale development are: 1) determine the construct, 2) generate item pool, 3) determine response format, 4) have experts review items, 5) include validation items, 6) administer items to a sample, 7) evaluate items using correlations, means, variances, and coefficient alpha, and 8) optimize the scale length. The goal is to end up with a concise, reliable scale that accurately measures the intended construct.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It outlines some key differences between qualitative and quantitative research, including that qualitative research is subjective, holistic, and aims to understand why and how phenomena occur rather than objective measurements. It also describes some common qualitative research designs like phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory. The document then covers methods for collecting qualitative data through interviews, focus groups, observation, and documents. It provides guidance on analyzing, coding, and presenting the results of qualitative research.
Data and data collection in qualitative researchRizky Amelia
This document discusses various qualitative research data collection methods including interviews, introspective methods, questionnaires, observations, documents, and production tasks. It provides details on structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Introspective methods examine thought processes using think-aloud protocols, diaries, and retrospection. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, or mixed. Observations involve either participant or nonparticipant research. Documents include personal records, official communications, and popular culture materials. Production tasks examine participant-generated artifacts.
This document summarizes a JISC webinar on meeting the research data challenge. It discusses:
1) JISC's role in providing national research infrastructure and supporting universities to make effective use of technology in research and data management.
2) The challenges of increasing data volumes, diversity, and lack of understanding around data management best practices.
3) Key drivers to improve data management including research integrity, funder policies, freedom of information regulations, and preparing for the Research Excellence Framework.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as focusing on understanding human behavior and reasons for behavior through words rather than numbers. The document outlines different qualitative research approaches like phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, biographical studies, and case studies. It compares qualitative and quantitative research and discusses qualitative research purposes, methods of data collection including interviews, observations, documents, and focus groups. The document also covers qualitative sampling strategies, designing a qualitative study, and concerns of qualitative researchers.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including types of research, the research process, and criteria for good research. It describes the main types of research as applied, basic, correlational, descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, exploratory, and historical. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. Criteria for good research include having a clear definition, explainable design, sufficient data, and validity and reliability checks.
This document discusses and compares quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. It provides information on:
- The basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research, including their analytical objectives, types of questions asked, data collection instruments used, types of data produced, and flexibility.
- Common methodologies used in social science studies, including quantitative and qualitative approaches.
- Details on quantitative research, which aims to test theories, uses standardized instruments and large sample sizes, and takes a deductive approach. Qualitative research aims to build theories, uses small sample sizes and flexible instruments like interviews, and takes an inductive approach.
- The key difference between the two is flexibility - quantitative methods are less flexible while qualitative methods allow greater
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research method. It defines ethnography as the description and interpretation of cultural behavior through field work and written text. Ethnographic research aims to understand a culture from an emic or etic perspective by observing cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech in natural contexts over time. The key characteristics of ethnographic research are that it is contextual, unobtrusive, longitudinal, collaborative, interpretative, and organic. Successful ethnographies employ methods like interviews, observation, and document analysis to develop a rich narrative description of a culture. The outcome is a holistic understanding of cultural norms, behaviors, and practices that can provide insights for health research.
The document discusses various qualitative research methods including interviews, observation, and focus group discussions. It provides details on the different types of interviews such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also outlines the key elements and considerations for conducting effective interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. These methods are explained as approaches for obtaining direct information from research participants and exploring their perspectives in an in-depth manner.
Data plays an important role in any research or study conducted. It aids in bringing about a breakthrough in the respective field as well as for future researches. The collection of data is carried out in two forms viz: Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data which includes further bifurcation under it.
What is Qualitative Data?
Qualitative research can be defined as the method of research which focuses on gaining relevant information through observational, open-ended and communication method. They are more exploratory which concentrates on gaining insights about the situation and dig a bit deeper to find the underlying reason. The central idea behind using this method is to find the answer to Why and How rather than How many. Data gathered during a qualitative research is what is termed as qualitative data.
What is the purpose?
A qualitative data is non-numerical and more textual which comprises mostly of images, written texts, recorded audios and spoken words by people. Moreover, one can conduct qualitative research online as well as offline too. Apart from this, the varied purpose of qualitative research is as follows:
- To examine the purpose or reason for the situation
- Gain an understanding of the experience of people
- Understanding of relations and meaning
- Varied norms including social and political as well as contextual and cultural practice which impact the cause.
Topic 1 introduction to quantitative researchAudrey Antee
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research. It defines quantitative research as collecting and analyzing numerical data to explore, describe, explain, or predict trends. Quantitative research aims for objectivity and controls outside factors. It states hypotheses and uses statistics to analyze results. The document outlines reasons for quantitative research such as exploration, description, explanation, prediction, and evaluation. It also describes common types of quantitative research designs and the key components of measurement, sampling, research design, and statistical procedures.
Qualitative data analysis: many approaches to understand user insightsAgnieszka Szóstek
The fifth lecture at HITLab, Canterbury University in New Zealand was all about how important it is to run a proper analysis of the qualitative data. We discussed the value in looking at data from individual (phenomenological) perspective versus combined (reductionist) perspective. But we agreed that regardless of the chosen approach it is crucial to look at the data from more than just one perspective to be sure the interpretation is not biased by researcher's on view of the world.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
This presentation, presented to senior thesis students at UC Berkeley, reviews the uses of qualitative research methods such as ethnography in public health, walking students through methods, sampling, ensuring rigor, and analysis with CAQDAS software such as Atlas.ti
The document provides an overview of a course on qualitative research methods. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the lectures, including what qualitative research is, different qualitative research strategies and how to implement them, methods for collecting data through observation and interviews, and analyzing qualitative data. The lectures will cover theory, qualitative research strategies and processes, data collection techniques, and critiques of qualitative research approaches.
Qualitative Research Method - an Introduction (updated jan 2011)Hora Tjitra
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It discusses key aspects of qualitative research such as what qualitative research refers to, common qualitative research paradigms, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. The document also outlines the qualitative research process from developing research topics and questions to data collection and analysis. It provides examples of common qualitative research designs including field research, case studies, and action research. Data collection techniques in qualitative research like interviews and observation are also examined.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
This document provides an overview of mixed methods research. It discusses the three main types of research designs: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. It explains the differences between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of purpose, group studied, variables, data collection/analysis, and results. The document also discusses pragmatism as the philosophy behind mixed methods research and reasons for combining methods. It outlines various ways that qualitative and quantitative methods can be mixed, such as through timing, weighting, and mixing of data. The document concludes by describing six main mixed methods designs and recommending further readings on the topic.
The document discusses the process of collecting qualitative data through various methods such as observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials. It provides details on purposeful sampling strategies, gaining access to research sites and participants, developing data collection forms like interview protocols, and ethical considerations in qualitative data collection. The key steps and advantages and disadvantages of different qualitative data collection methods are also outlined.
The 8 steps in scale development are: 1) determine the construct, 2) generate item pool, 3) determine response format, 4) have experts review items, 5) include validation items, 6) administer items to a sample, 7) evaluate items using correlations, means, variances, and coefficient alpha, and 8) optimize the scale length. The goal is to end up with a concise, reliable scale that accurately measures the intended construct.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It outlines some key differences between qualitative and quantitative research, including that qualitative research is subjective, holistic, and aims to understand why and how phenomena occur rather than objective measurements. It also describes some common qualitative research designs like phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory. The document then covers methods for collecting qualitative data through interviews, focus groups, observation, and documents. It provides guidance on analyzing, coding, and presenting the results of qualitative research.
Data and data collection in qualitative researchRizky Amelia
This document discusses various qualitative research data collection methods including interviews, introspective methods, questionnaires, observations, documents, and production tasks. It provides details on structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Introspective methods examine thought processes using think-aloud protocols, diaries, and retrospection. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, or mixed. Observations involve either participant or nonparticipant research. Documents include personal records, official communications, and popular culture materials. Production tasks examine participant-generated artifacts.
This document summarizes a JISC webinar on meeting the research data challenge. It discusses:
1) JISC's role in providing national research infrastructure and supporting universities to make effective use of technology in research and data management.
2) The challenges of increasing data volumes, diversity, and lack of understanding around data management best practices.
3) Key drivers to improve data management including research integrity, funder policies, freedom of information regulations, and preparing for the Research Excellence Framework.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
The document discusses best practices for collecting software project data including defining a process for collection, storage, and review of data to ensure integrity. It emphasizes personally interacting with data sources to clarify information, establishing a central repository, and normalizing data for later analysis and calibration of estimation models. The checklist provides guidance on reviewing various aspects of the data collection to validate completeness and accuracy.
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
The document discusses community linkages between schools and local resources. It outlines how partnerships can benefit schools and communities by sharing facilities, volunteers, expertise and more. This enhances educational opportunities, strengthens neighborhoods, and leads to improved outcomes for youth and families. Effective collaboration requires strategic planning from professionals in schools and communities.
The document discusses various aspects of historical research including:
1. The definition and areas of history as well as views on the value of historical research.
2. Historical research as a modern undertaking aimed primarily at critical search for truth.
3. The characteristics of contemporary historical research including methods such as formulating problems, gathering sources, and criticizing sources both externally and internally.
4. The strengths and limitations of historical research in only providing a partial view of the past based on surviving records.
Data collection - Statistical data are a numerical statement of aggregates. Data, generally, are obtained through properly organized statistical inquiries conducted by the investigators. Data can either be from primary or secondary sources.
This presentation discusses primary and secondary data collection methods. It begins by defining primary data as original data collected specifically for the research purpose, such as through surveys and interviews. Secondary data refers to data previously collected by others, such as published sources. Both data types are useful but have tradeoffs - primary data directly addresses the research question while secondary data is easier to obtain but may not be specific. The presentation provides examples of primary and secondary data collection techniques and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
Abdm4064 week 05 data collection methods part 1Stephen Ong
This document discusses research design and qualitative and quantitative research methods. It covers key differences between qualitative and quantitative research, as well as different qualitative research orientations like phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, and case studies. Common qualitative research techniques are also outlined, such as focus groups, depth interviews, observations, and projective techniques. The document emphasizes that qualitative research is useful for exploratory objectives and developing an in-depth understanding of phenomena.
qualitative research DR. MADHUR VERMA PGIMS ROHTAKMADHUR VERMA
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research and discusses its historical roots. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include exploring phenomena from participants' perspectives with a small sample size. Common qualitative methods described are participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies. The document also covers qualitative data analysis and sampling.
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
Qualitative research second copy correctedMenaal Kaushal
The document provides an overview of qualitative research including:
- The difference between qualitative and quantitative studies
- The scope and uses of qualitative research such as exploring phenomena and generating hypotheses
- Common qualitative research methods like participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions
- Steps in conducting qualitative research from establishing research questions to data analysis
- Types of qualitative sampling, data forms, and analysis which are iterative and focus on themes rather than numbers
The document serves as an introduction to key concepts in qualitative research methodology.
Classroom research is research conducted by teachers to improve their own or colleagues' teaching, test educational theories in practice, or evaluate and implement school priorities. It allows teachers to become more effective and critically evaluate research through gaining new insights and understanding classroom issues firsthand. Effective classroom research uses accepted research methods and is collaborative in nature, with teachers participating in all stages of identifying problems, taking action, observing results, and planning next steps.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, features of good research studies, types of research studies including descriptive and experimental, and the research process. The research process involves defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting findings. It also discusses topics like sampling, statistical design, observational design, and the differences between exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research and describes its key characteristics, including that it takes place in natural settings and focuses on participants' perceptions and experiences. The document also outlines various qualitative research methods like participant observation, interviews, and content analysis. It discusses the strengths of qualitative research in providing in-depth insights but also notes weaknesses like potential subjectivity. Finally, it discusses the importance of qualitative research across different fields like education, psychology, and marketing.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It begins by defining qualitative research as a type of research that explores real-world problems through collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. It then discusses various qualitative research methods like ethnography, grounded theory, case studies, phenomenology, narrative analysis, and historical studies. Key characteristics of qualitative research are also outlined such as using a natural setting, the researcher as the key instrument, inductive data analysis, and focusing on meanings from participants. The document concludes by discussing the importance of qualitative research across different fields in understanding complex phenomena and informing policy.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as investigating social phenomena and human problems through methodology that collects descriptive data in words from observations and interviews. Key characteristics of qualitative research include an open-ended research question, a small purposeful sample, collection of data through semi-structured and unstructured instruments, and presentation of results descriptively. The document outlines common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, case studies, and action research. It also discusses sampling, data collection methods, and analysis in qualitative research.
Here are some examples of psychographic profiles:
- Achievers: Highly educated, career-oriented individuals focused on achieving success and status. Value leadership and influence.
- Experiencers: Seek novelty and excitement in life through physical activities and socializing. Value fun and spontaneity.
- Believers: Traditional, family-oriented individuals focused on religion, community, and morality. Value safety and conformity.
- Thinkers: Intellectually curious, non-conforming individuals focused on political and social issues. Value creativity and learning.
These profiles segment people based on their motivations, values, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles. Understanding psychographic differences can provide insights into how
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Introduction to educational research pismpshare with me
The document discusses research and the research process. It defines research as a scientific and systematic process of gathering information to answer questions or test hypotheses. It notes research is scientific because knowledge is based on empirical evidence through gathering information, testing hypotheses, collecting data, and making decisions about hypotheses. The research process involves identifying a problem, planning to answer questions about the problem, implementing the plan, collecting data, and analyzing results. The document also discusses key aspects of research such as quantitative and qualitative approaches, research design, ethics, and the importance of literature review.
The document discusses research methodology and process. It defines research, outlines the objectives and characteristics of research, and describes the different types of research. It also discusses defining the research problem, formulating research objectives, and the overall steps involved in the research process from reviewing literature to data analysis and reporting findings.
This document provides an introduction to research, outlining key concepts and processes. It defines research as a scientific, systematic search for knowledge involving study, observation, comparison and experimentation. The objectives of research are described as seeking truth through exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic and hypothesis testing approaches. The research process involves formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, determining sampling methods, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are discussed.
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The document discusses step 3 of stage 1 in a technology commercialization model. Step 3 is the venture assessment, which determines if a product or venture opportunity will be profitable. It involves questions like whether to license the technology or pursue commercialization yourself, and if pursuing it yourself, what resources and experts are required. The ultimate goal of step 3 is to assess if the venture will generate sufficient return to justify the investment risks.
The document discusses market needs analysis, which is step 2 of the innovation commercialization process. It aims to determine if a product meets a clear market demand or solves a problem. Key questions in market needs analysis include identifying the product's uniqueness, competition, customer requirements, potential barriers to market entry, distribution channels, and pricing criteria. Understanding market needs helps qualify the market opportunity for a product concept in the early stages of development.
This document outlines a technology commercialization model with 18 steps organized into 6 phases: Concept, Creation, Design, Deployment, Delivery, and Domination. Step 1 is a Technology Analysis which involves determining if a product is new, unique, technically feasible, and offers advantages over existing solutions. Key questions for Step 1 include researching patents, technologies, and assessing the product's benefits compared to existing solutions. The document also discusses technology adoption curves, disruptive innovations, and mapping products on an innovation matrix based on their technology capabilities and business models.
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3) A second example of a management carve-out where management is promised $5 million if the company exits for at least $50 million.
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Mba2216 business research week 5 data collection part 1 0713
1. Research Design :Research Design :
Data Collection Methods –Data Collection Methods –
Qualitative & Quantitative ResearchQualitative & Quantitative Research
part 1part 1
Research Design :Research Design :
Data Collection Methods –Data Collection Methods –
Qualitative & Quantitative ResearchQualitative & Quantitative Research
part 1part 1
MBA2216 BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECTMBA2216 BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT
by
Stephen Ong
Visiting Fellow, Birmingham City
University, UK
3. 7–3
LEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES
1. List and understand the differences between
qualitative research and quantitative research
2. Understand the role of qualitative research in
exploratory research designs
3. Describe the basic qualitative research orientations
4. Recognize common qualitative research tools and
know the advantages and limitations of their use
5. Know the risks associated with acting on only
exploratory results
After the lecture, you should be able to
4. 7–4
LEARNING OUTCOMES (cont’d)LEARNING OUTCOMES (cont’d)LEARNING OUTCOMES (cont’d)LEARNING OUTCOMES (cont’d)
6. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of secondary data
7. Define types of secondary data analysis
conducted by business research
managers
8. Identify various internal and proprietary
sources of secondary data
9. Give examples of various external
sources of secondary data
After the lecture, you should be able to
6. What is Qualitative Research?What is Qualitative Research?
Qualitative business researchQualitative business research
Research that addresses business objectivesResearch that addresses business objectives
through techniques that allow the researcherthrough techniques that allow the researcher
to provide elaborate interpretations ofto provide elaborate interpretations of
phenomena without depending on numericalphenomena without depending on numerical
measurementmeasurement
Its focus is on discovering true inner meanings andIts focus is on discovering true inner meanings and
new insights.new insights.
Researcher-dependentResearcher-dependent
Researcher must extract meaning fromResearcher must extract meaning from
unstructured responses such as text from aunstructured responses such as text from a
recorded interview or a collage representingrecorded interview or a collage representing
the meaning of some experience.the meaning of some experience.
7. 7–7
Uses of Qualitative ResearchUses of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is useful when:Qualitative research is useful when:
It is difficult to develop specific and actionableIt is difficult to develop specific and actionable
decision statements or research objectives.decision statements or research objectives.
The research objective is to develop a detailedThe research objective is to develop a detailed
and in-depth understanding of some phenomena.and in-depth understanding of some phenomena.
The research objective is to learn how aThe research objective is to learn how a
phenomenon occurs in its natural setting or tophenomenon occurs in its natural setting or to
learn how to express some concept in colloquiallearn how to express some concept in colloquial
terms.terms.
The behaviour the researcher is studying isThe behaviour the researcher is studying is
particularly context-dependent.particularly context-dependent.
A fresh approach to studying the problem isA fresh approach to studying the problem is
needed.needed.
8. 7–8
Qualitative “versus” QuantitativeQualitative “versus” Quantitative
ResearchResearch
Quantitative business research
Descriptive and conclusive
Addresses research objectives through
empirical assessments that involve numerical
measurement and statistical analysis.
Qualitative business research
Exploratory
Uses small versus large samples
Asks a broad range of questions versus
structured questions
Subjective interpretation versus statistical
analysis
9. 7–9
EXHIBIT 7.EXHIBIT 7.11 Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchComparing Qualitative and Quantitative Research
10. 7–10
Contrasting Exploratory andContrasting Exploratory and
Confirmatory ResearchConfirmatory Research
Qualitative data
Data that are not characterized by
numbers but rather are textual, visual, or
oral.
Focus is on stories, visual portrayals,
meaningful characterizations, interpretations,
and other expressive descriptions.
Quantitative data
Represent phenomena by assigning
numbers in an ordered and meaningful
way.
11. 7–11
Qualitative Research OrientationsQualitative Research Orientations
MajorMajor OrientationsOrientations of Qualitativeof Qualitative
ResearchResearch
1.1. Phenomenology—originating inPhenomenology—originating in
philosophy and psychologyphilosophy and psychology
2.2. Ethnography—originating inEthnography—originating in
anthropologyanthropology
3.3. Grounded theory—originating inGrounded theory—originating in
sociologysociology
4.4. Case studies—originating inCase studies—originating in
psychology and in business researchpsychology and in business research
12. 7–12
What Is a PhenomenologicalWhat Is a Phenomenological
Approach to Research?Approach to Research?
PhenomenologyPhenomenology
A philosophical approach to studyingA philosophical approach to studying
human experiences based on the idea thathuman experiences based on the idea that
human experience itself is inherentlyhuman experience itself is inherently
subjective and determined by the contextsubjective and determined by the context
in which people live.in which people live.
Seeks to describe, reflect upon, andSeeks to describe, reflect upon, and
interpret experiences.interpret experiences.
Relies on conversational interview toolsRelies on conversational interview tools
and respondents are asked to tell a storyand respondents are asked to tell a story
about some experience.about some experience.
13. 7–13
What Is Ethnography?What Is Ethnography?
EthnographyEthnography
Represents ways of studying culturesRepresents ways of studying cultures
through methods that involvethrough methods that involve
becoming highly active within thatbecoming highly active within that
culture.culture.
Participant-observationParticipant-observation
An ethnographic research approachAn ethnographic research approach
where the researcher becomeswhere the researcher becomes
immersed within the culture that he orimmersed within the culture that he or
she is studying and draws data fromshe is studying and draws data from
his or her observations.his or her observations.
14. 7–14
What Is Grounded Theory?What Is Grounded Theory?
Grounded TheoryGrounded Theory
Represents an inductive investigation inRepresents an inductive investigation in
which the researcher poses questionswhich the researcher poses questions
about information provided byabout information provided by
respondents or taken from historicalrespondents or taken from historical
records.records.
The researcher asks the questions to him orThe researcher asks the questions to him or
herself and repeatedly questions theherself and repeatedly questions the
responses to derive deeper explanations.responses to derive deeper explanations.
Key questions:Key questions:
What is happening here?What is happening here?
How is it different?How is it different?
15. 7–15
What Are Case Studies?What Are Case Studies?
Case StudiesCase Studies
The documented history of aThe documented history of a
particular person, group,particular person, group,
organization, or event.organization, or event.
ThemesThemes
Are identified by the frequency withAre identified by the frequency with
which the same term (or a synonym)which the same term (or a synonym)
arises in the narrative description.arises in the narrative description.
17. COMMON TECHNIQUES USEDCOMMON TECHNIQUES USED
IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCHIN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Some common techniques used in qualitative
research are:
Focus Group Interview
Depth Interviews
Conversations
Free-Association and Sentence Completion
Methods
Observation
Collages
Projective Research Techniques
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 7–17
19. 7–19
Focus Group InterviewFocus Group Interview
An unstructured, free-flowing interview with a
small group (6-10 people) led by a moderator
who encourages dialogue among respondents.
Advantages:
1. Relatively fast
2. Easy to execute
3. Allow respondents to piggyback off each other’s
ideas – one respondent stimulates thought among
the others.
4. Provide multiple perspectives
5. Flexibility to allow more detailed descriptions
6. High degree of scrutiny – session can be observed
since they are usually conducted in a room with a
two-way mirror and are generally tape recorded or
videotaped for later examination.
20. 7–20
Focus Group Interview -Focus Group Interview -
Focus Group RespondentsFocus Group Respondents
Group Composition
6 to 10 people
Relatively
homogeneous
Similar lifestyles and
experiences
21. 7–21
Focus Group Interview - The
Focus Group Moderator
Moderator
A person who leads a focus group interview
and insures that everyone gets a chance to
speak and contribute to the discussion.
Qualities of a good moderator:
Develops rapport with the group
Good listener
Tries not to interject his or her own opinions
Controls discussion without being
overbearing
22. 7–22
Focus Group Interview -Focus Group Interview -
Planning a Focus Group OutlinePlanning a Focus Group Outline
Discussion guideDiscussion guide
Includes written introductoryIncludes written introductory
comments informing the groupcomments informing the group
about the focus group purpose andabout the focus group purpose and
rules and then outlines topics orrules and then outlines topics or
questions to be addressed in thequestions to be addressed in the
group session.group session.
23. 7–23
EXHIBIT 7.3EXHIBIT 7.3 Discussion Guide for a Focus Group InterviewDiscussion Guide for a Focus Group Interview
24. 7–24
Disadvantages of FocusDisadvantages of Focus
GroupsGroups
Focus groups:
Require objective, sensitive, and effective
moderators.
May have unique sampling problems.
May not be useful for discussing sensitive
topics in face-to-face situations.
Cost a considerable amount of money,
particularly when they are not conducted
by someone employed by the company
desiring the focus group.
25. 7–25
Depth InterviewsDepth Interviews
Depth interviewDepth interview
A one-on-one interview between aA one-on-one interview between a
professional researcher and a researchprofessional researcher and a research
respondent conducted about some relevantrespondent conducted about some relevant
business or social topic.business or social topic.
LadderingLaddering
A particular approach to probing askingA particular approach to probing asking
respondents to compare differences betweenrespondents to compare differences between
brands at different levels.brands at different levels.
Produces distinctions at the:Produces distinctions at the:
attribute levelattribute level
benefit levelbenefit level
value or motivation level
26. ConversationsConversations
Conversations
An informal qualitative data-gathering
approach in which the researcher engages a
respondent in a discussion of the relevant
subject matter.
Semi-structured interviews
Written form and ask respondents for short
essay responses to specific open-ended
questions.
Advantages
An ability to address more specific issues
Responses are easier to interpret
Without the presence of an interviewer, semi-
structured interviews can be relatively cost
effective
27. 7–27
Conversations - SocialConversations - Social
NetworkingNetworking
One of the most impactful trends in recent
times.
For many, social networking sites have become
the primary tool for communicating with friends
both far and near and known and unknown.
MySpace
Second Life
Zebo
A large portion of this information
discusses business and consumer-related
information.
Companies monitor these sites for information
related to their brands.
28. 7–28
Free-Association and SentenceFree-Association and Sentence
Completion MethodsCompletion Methods
Free-association techniquesFree-association techniques
Record a respondent’s first cognitiveRecord a respondent’s first cognitive
reactions (top-of-mind) to some stimulus.reactions (top-of-mind) to some stimulus.
Allow researchers to map a respondent’sAllow researchers to map a respondent’s
thoughts or memory.thoughts or memory.
E.g. what is the No. 1 shampoo brand?E.g. what is the No. 1 shampoo brand?
Sentence completionSentence completion
People who drink beer arePeople who drink beer are
A man who drinks light beer isA man who drinks light beer is
Imported beer is most liked byImported beer is most liked by
The woman drinking beer in the commercialThe woman drinking beer in the commercial
29. 7–29
Other TechniquesOther Techniques
ObservationObservation
Field notesField notes
The researcher’s descriptions of what actuallyThe researcher’s descriptions of what actually
happens in the field.happens in the field.
These notes then become the text from whichThese notes then become the text from which
meaning is extracted.meaning is extracted.
Advantageous for gaining insight into thingsAdvantageous for gaining insight into things
that respondents cannot or will not verbalize.that respondents cannot or will not verbalize.
CollagesCollages
Respondents prepare a collage to representRespondents prepare a collage to represent
their experiences.their experiences.
Analyzed for meaning.Analyzed for meaning.
30. 7–30
Other Techniques (cont’d)Other Techniques (cont’d)
Projective Research TechniquesProjective Research Techniques
An indirect means of questioningAn indirect means of questioning
enabling respondents to projectenabling respondents to project
beliefs and feelings onto a thirdbeliefs and feelings onto a third
party, an inanimate object, or a taskparty, an inanimate object, or a task
situation.situation.
Particularly useful in studyingParticularly useful in studying
sensitive issues.sensitive issues.
31. 7–31
Other Techniques (cont’d)Other Techniques (cont’d)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Presents subjects with anPresents subjects with an
ambiguous picture(s) in whichambiguous picture(s) in which
consumers and products are theconsumers and products are the
center of attention.center of attention.
Investigator asks the subject toInvestigator asks the subject to
tell what is happening in thetell what is happening in the
picture(s) now and what mightpicture(s) now and what might
happen next.happen next.
33. 8–33
Secondary Data ResearchSecondary Data Research
Secondary DataSecondary Data
Data gathered and recorded by someoneData gathered and recorded by someone
else prior to and for a purpose other thanelse prior to and for a purpose other than
the current project.the current project.
• AdvantagesAdvantages
AvailableAvailable
Faster and less expensive thanFaster and less expensive than
acquiring primary dataacquiring primary data
Requires no access to subjectsRequires no access to subjects
Inexpensive—government data isInexpensive—government data is
often freeoften free
May provide informationMay provide information
otherwise not accessibleotherwise not accessible
• DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Uncertain accuracyUncertain accuracy
Data not consistentData not consistent
with needswith needs
Inappropriate units ofInappropriate units of
measurementmeasurement
Time periodTime period
inappropriateinappropriate
(outdated)(outdated)
34. 8–34
Is it possible
to go to the
original data
source?
Evaluating Secondary DataEvaluating Secondary Data
35. 8–35
Secondary Data Research…Secondary Data Research…
Data conversionData conversion
The process of changing the originalThe process of changing the original
form of the data to a format suitableform of the data to a format suitable
to achieve the research objectiveto achieve the research objective
Also called data transformationAlso called data transformation
Cross-checksCross-checks
The comparison of data from oneThe comparison of data from one
source with data from another sourcesource with data from another source
to determine the similarity ofto determine the similarity of
independent projects.independent projects.
37. 8–37
Typical Objectives for Secondary-Typical Objectives for Secondary-
Data Research DesignsData Research Designs
Fact FindingFact Finding
Identification of consumer behaviour for aIdentification of consumer behaviour for a
product categoryproduct category
Trend AnalysisTrend Analysis
Market trackingMarket tracking—t—the observation and analysishe observation and analysis
of trends in industry volume and brand shareof trends in industry volume and brand share
over time.over time.
Environmental ScanningEnvironmental Scanning
Information gathering and fact-finding that isInformation gathering and fact-finding that is
designed to detect indications of environmentaldesigned to detect indications of environmental
changes in their initial stages of development.changes in their initial stages of development.
38. Cola’s Share of the Carbonated Soft-Drink MarketCola’s Share of the Carbonated Soft-Drink Market
Source: Theresa Howard, “Coca-Cola Hopes Taking New Path Leads to Success,” USA Today,
March 6, 2001, p. 6b. From USA Today a division of Gannett Co., Inc. Reprinted with Permission.
39. Model BuildingModel Building
Model building involves specifyingModel building involves specifying
relationships between two or morerelationships between two or more
variables.variables.
3 common objectives:3 common objectives:
Estimating Market PotentialEstimating Market Potential
for Geographic Areasfor Geographic Areas
Forecasting SalesForecasting Sales
Analysis of Trade Areas andAnalysis of Trade Areas and
SitesSites 7–39
40. 8–40
Model BuildingModel Building
Analysis of TradeAnalysis of Trade
Areas and SitesAreas and Sites
Analysis of TradeAnalysis of Trade
Areas and SitesAreas and Sites
Estimating MarketEstimating Market
PotentialPotential
Estimating MarketEstimating Market
PotentialPotential
ForecastingForecasting
SalesSales
ForecastingForecasting
SalesSales
ModelModel
BuildingBuilding
ModelModel
BuildingBuilding
41. 8–41
Data MiningData Mining
Data MiningData Mining
The use of powerful computers to digThe use of powerful computers to dig
through volumes of data to discoverthrough volumes of data to discover
patterns about an organization’spatterns about an organization’s
customers and products; applies tocustomers and products; applies to
many different forms of analysis.many different forms of analysis.
Neural NetworkNeural Network
A form of artificial intelligence inA form of artificial intelligence in
which a computer is programmed towhich a computer is programmed to
mimic the way that human brainsmimic the way that human brains
process information.process information.
42. 8–42
Data Mining (cont’d)Data Mining (cont’d)
Market-Basket AnalysisMarket-Basket Analysis
A form of data mining that analyzesA form of data mining that analyzes
anonymous point-of-sale transactionanonymous point-of-sale transaction
databases to identify coinciding purchasesdatabases to identify coinciding purchases
or relationships between productsor relationships between products
purchased and other retail shoppingpurchased and other retail shopping
information.information.
Customer DiscoveryCustomer Discovery
Involves mining data to look for patternsInvolves mining data to look for patterns
identifying who is likely to be a valuableidentifying who is likely to be a valuable
customer.customer.
43. 8–43
Sources of Internal Secondary DataSources of Internal Secondary Data
Internal and Proprietary DataInternal and Proprietary Data
Accounting informationAccounting information
Sales information andSales information and
backordersbackorders
Customer complaints, serviceCustomer complaints, service
records, warranty card returns,records, warranty card returns,
and other records.and other records.
IntranetsIntranets
44. 8–44
External Secondary Data SourcesExternal Secondary Data Sources
External DataExternal Data
Generated or recorded by an entity other than theGenerated or recorded by an entity other than the
researcher’s organization.researcher’s organization.
Information as a product and its distributionInformation as a product and its distribution
LibrariesLibraries
InternetInternet
VendorsVendors
ProducersProducers
Books and periodicalsBooks and periodicals
GovernmentGovernment
MediaMedia
Trade associationsTrade associations
Commercial sourcesCommercial sources
46. 8–46
Commercial SourcesCommercial Sources
Market-share dataMarket-share data
Demographic and censusDemographic and census
updatesupdates
Consumer attitude and publicConsumer attitude and public
opinion researchopinion research
Consumption and purchaseConsumption and purchase
behaviour databehaviour data
Advertising researchAdvertising research
47. 8–47
Single-Source and Global Research DataSingle-Source and Global Research Data
Single-Source DataSingle-Source Data
Diverse types of data offered by a singleDiverse types of data offered by a single
company.company.
Usually integrated on the basis of a commonUsually integrated on the basis of a common
variable (i.e., geographic area or store).variable (i.e., geographic area or store).
Government AgenciesGovernment Agencies
Global secondary dataGlobal secondary data
Typical limitations of secondary dataTypical limitations of secondary data
Additional pitfallsAdditional pitfalls
Unavailable in some countriesUnavailable in some countries
Questionable accuracy (political influences)Questionable accuracy (political influences)
Lack of standardized research terminologyLack of standardized research terminology
CIA’s World Factbook; National Trade Data BankCIA’s World Factbook; National Trade Data Bank
50. 8–50
EXHIBIT 8.10EXHIBIT 8.10 Examples of Information Contained in the NTDBExamples of Information Contained in the NTDB
• Agricultural commodity production and trade
• Basic export information
• Calendars of trade fairs and exhibitions
• Capital markets and export financing
• Country reports on economic and social
policies and trade practices
• Energy production, supply, and inventories
• Exchange rates
• Export licensing information
• Guides to doing business in foreign countries
• International trade terms directory
• How-to guides
• International trade regulations/agreements
• International trade agreements
• Labor, employment, and productivity
• Maritime and shipping information
• Market research reports
• Overseas contacts
• Overseas and domestic industry information
• Price indexes
• Small business information
• State exports
• State trade contacts
• Trade opportunities
• U.S. export regulations
• U.S. import and export statistics by country
and commodity
• U.S. international transactions
• World Fact Book
• World minerals production
51. 6-51
Exercise : Research Design PlanExercise : Research Design Plan
BlueprintBlueprintBlueprintBlueprint
PlanPlanPlanPlan
GuideGuideGuideGuide
FrameworkFrameworkFrameworkFramework
52. 6-52
What Tools Are Used in DesigningWhat Tools Are Used in Designing
Research?Research?
53. 6-53
Example :Example :
Project Plan inProject Plan in
Gantt chart formatGantt chart format
What Tools Are Used inWhat Tools Are Used in
Designing Research?Designing Research?
54. Further ReadingFurther Reading
COOPER, D.R. AND SCHINDLER, P.S. (2011)
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS, 11TH
EDN,
MCGRAW HILL
ZIKMUND, W.G., BABIN, B.J., CARR, J.C. AND
GRIFFIN, M. (2010) BUSINESS RESEARCH
METHODS, 8TH
EDN, SOUTH-WESTERN
SAUNDERS, M., LEWIS, P. AND THORNHILL, A.
(2012) RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESS
STUDENTS, 6TH
EDN, PRENTICE HALL.
SAUNDERS, M. AND LEWIS, P. (2012) DOING
RESEARCH IN BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT, FT
PRENTICE HALL.
Editor's Notes
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Exhibit 6-1 illustrates design in the research process and highlights the topics covered by the term research design. Subsequent chapters will provide more detailed coverage of the research design topics.
There are many definitions of research design. Research design is the blueprint for fulfilling research objectives and answering questions. Its essentials include 1) an activity and time-based plan, 2) a plan based on the research questions, 3) a guide for selecting sources and types of information, 4) a framework for specifying the relationships among the study’s variables, and 5) a procedural outline for every research activity.
Exhibit 6-2 provides one project management tool: critical path method (CPM). In a CPM chart: The nodes represent major milestones. The arrows suggest the work needed to get to the milestones. More than one arrow pointing to a node indicates all those tasks must be completed before the milestone has been met. Usually a number is placed along the arrow showing the number of days or weeks required for that task to be completed. The pathway from start to end that takes the longest time to complete is called the critical path .
A Gantt chart ( Exhibit 5-11, MindWriter project) is a common project planning tool that reveals summary tasks, benchmarking milestones, and detailed tasks against a time frame for the overall project. Tasks may be color coded to indicate a particular team member’s responsibilities. Many project-management software packages include Gantt charting. The chart may be used to monitor projects to keep them on time, as well as to alert the client or manager to steps requiring their approval—and what happens to the project’s schedule if approval is not forthcoming when it is needed.