Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states and undergo physical changes between these states with the addition or removal of heat. Matter is composed of either pure substances that have consistent properties, or mixtures that are combinations of substances that can be separated. Chemical changes alter the composition of matter and create new substances through reactions like combustion, oxidation, and fermentation.

2. Matters

3. Discover
Everything around us is made of matter: our bodies, the air we
breathe, the ground we walk on and the water we drink.
Matter can´t be created or destroyed: it just changes. Some of
the changes it undergoes are chemical. Chemical reactions,
such as fermentation or combustion, change a substance into
a new one with different properties. How can we classify
matters?
Discover 1!
What states can matter exist in? Give some examples of matter
which change state. What causes these changes?

4. Discover 2!
 What are mixtures?
What are pure
substances? What is
shown in the photo of
the cake?
 What type of chemical
change is shown in
the photo of two
apples?
 What is the difference
between a
heterogeneous and a
homogeneous
mixture?
 What is fermentation?
 How useful is it?

5. Analyse and
organise
Substances can be divided into pure
substances or mixtures.
Look at the different substances below. Classify
them into pure substances or mixtures in your
notebook.
aluminium, biscuits, coal, copper, milk, mud,
nitrogen, mayonnaise, silver, cardboard

6. Look at the objects in the photos below.
Identify the pure substances and the
mixtures.

7. Separating mixtures: heterogeneous
mixtures and homogeneous mixtures.
 There are two types of mixtures: heterogeneous mixtures
and homogeneous mixtures.
 In a heterogeneous mixture, we can see the individual
substances that make it up, so it is possible to separate
the substances easily.
 In a homogeneous mixture we can´t see the individual
substance but we can still separate them.
 We can separate substances in mixtures in different ways.

8. Separating mixtures
 Magnetic separation: Magnets attract certain types of
metals. We can use Magnetic separation if we want to
separate mixtures that consist of substances attracted by
magnets and substances that are not.
 Decantation: Heavy sediments in liquids sink to the
bottom of a container. Sand in a bucket of water collects
a the bottom of the bucket. When we decant a liquid, we
pour off the liquid so that the sediment remains in the
container. Two liquids of different density, such as oil and
water, can also be separated by decantation as the oil
floats on top of the water.

9. Separating mixtures
 Filtration: filtration separates much smaller particles from a liquid or gas. A filter is
used to catch the particles, but allows the liquid to pass. Coffee grounds can be
separated from liquid in this way.
 Filters in face masks are used to prevent germs or disease spreading through the air as
we breathe.
 Evaporation: Solids which have been dissolved in a liquid can be separated using heat.
The liquid turns into vapour and the remaining sediment, the solids, can be collected.
Evaporation is used to remove water in salt evaporation ponds; the sun evaporates the
water and the salt is left behind.
 Distillation: When two liquids evaporate at a different rate, such as water and ethanol,
the mixture can be separated using distillation. The liquid is heated and as the ethanol
has a lower boiling point than water, it evaporates first and forms vapour. This vapour is
then collected and cooled, resulting in pure ethanol.
 Distillation is used to produce alcohol and in the petrochemical industry.

10. Physical changes: Change in state: solid,
liquid and gas.
 Chemical changes: Chemical reactions change the properties of the
original substance, and a new substance is created. Chemical
changes go on around us all the time. Heat, oxygen and other
agents all cause chemical changes. Combustion, oxidation and
fermentation are irreversible changes. For example,
 Combustion
 Oxidation
 Fermentation