This document discusses different types of matter and mixtures. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and explains that homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout while heterogeneous mixtures have varying compositions in different locations. Examples are given such as salty water being homogeneous while a mixture of noodles and soap being heterogeneous. Compounds and elements are also distinguished from mixtures. Methods for separating different types of mixtures and pure substances are outlined, including distillation, filtration, centrifugation, and chromatography.

1. • Occupies space
• Have mass
Almost everything in the universe is
matter.
Can you give examples of what are not
matters?
Author: Mr Lam

2. Matter
Can it be separated
by physical means?
yes
Is the
compositio
n uniform?
no
Can it be
decomposed by
ordinary chemical
means?
n
o
Element
s
Mixtures
yes
Homogeneou
s mixtures
(Solution)
yes
Compounds
n
o
Heterogeneous
mixtures
Pure
Substances

3. When you take (sample) two spoons of the
mixture out from the bulk, if the compositions of
the mixtures in each spoon are the same, then
we call it, homogeneous, e.g. Milk
On the other hand if the compositions in each
spoon is different from each other, we call it
heterogeneous, e.g. Noodle soap.

4. Homogeneous
mixtures
Heterogeneous
mixtures
Compounds Elements
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3.

5. A homogeneous mixture also commonly named as a “Solution”.
푆표푙푢푡푒 + 푆표푙푣푒푛푡 = 푆표푙푢푡푖표푛
Example:
푆푎푙푡 + 푤푎푡푒푟 = 푠푎푙푡푦 푤푎푡푒푟 (푏푟푖푛푒)
Salt = Solute
Water = Solvent
Salty water = Solution
Note: All gases mixture must be homogeneous. e.g. air

6. Solid/solid e.g. rice with m&m chocolate
Liquid/liquid e.g. French salad dressing, metal
with metal oxide (smelting), milk
Solid /liquid e.g. muddy water
Liquid/gas e.g. milk/air =ice-cream
Solid/gas e.g. saw dust in air

7. If the mixture is very easy to sediment (settle), the
process is called sedimentation
If the mixture takes some time to sediment, the
mixture is called suspension
If the mixture does not sediment even after a very
long time, the mixture is called colloid.
Note: liquid/liquid mixture with very fine droplets,
we also call the mixture as emulsion.

8. If two liquids can dissolve into each other, we say
these two liquids are miscible.
For example, vinegar and water, alcohol and water
If two liquids cannot not dissolved into each other,
we say these two liquids are immiscible, e.g. water
and oil.
The words Miscible/Immiscible are very similar to
dissoluble and indissoluble. But
miscible/immiscible describes specifically for
liquids.

9. Mixture has the average properties of its
components. e.g. salty water is still tasted
salty, iron needles in a haystack, still attracted
by magnets
Compound has new properties. e.g. ashes
from burning paper in air, vinegar & baking
soda becomes carbon dioxide and another
solution with no acidic property

10. Different compounds are different combinations
of different elements
The properties of compounds can vary a lot
when the composition of the elements only
varied a little bit.
We will discuss more about element and atom
next year.

12. Magnetic separation
Decantation
Flotation
Centrifugation
Filtration
Separation Funneling
Evaporation
Crystallization
Distillation
Chromatography
And many more….
 Same mixture can be separated by
different methods.
 Sometimes a few of these techniques
are needed to extract the desired
substances.

16. Flotation process, in mineral treatment and mining,
process for concentrating the metal-bearing mineral in
an ore.
Crude ore is ground to a fine powder and mixed with
water, frothing reagents, and collecting reagents.
When air is blown through the mixture, mineral
particles cling to the bubbles, which rise to form a froth
on the surface.
The waste material (gangue) settles to the bottom. The
froth is skimmed off, and the water and chemicals are
distilled or otherwise removed, leaving a clean
concentrate.
The process, also called the froth-flotation process, is
used for a number of minerals, especially silver.

18. Separation of blood Uranium enrichment
(see link)

20. The proper way to
hold a beaker with a
glass rod

24. Distillation is
good for
separating
liquids with
different boiling
points.
The lower
boiling point
liquid collected
at the conical
flask
Note: the water
in and water out
positions of the
condenser.