Each of these classifications is based on distinct properties of matter, and they help us understand and study the world around us.

1. CLASSIFICATION
OF
MATTER

2. 1. Differentiate between homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures;
2. Apply simple separation techniques such as
distillation and chromatography;
3. Differentiate between pure substances and
mixtures;
4. Differentiate between elements and compounds;
and
5. Describe separation techniques for mixtures and
compounds.

3. Halo-halo (from “halo” = mix) is one of the
favorite Filipino desserts. It is a mixture of sweet
preserved beans (red beans or chick peas), coconut
meat (macapuno), jackfruit (langka), pounded dried
rice (pinipig), sweet yam (ube), cream flan (leche
flan), and shreds or sweetened plantain (saba),
which is filled with crushed ice and milk, and topped
with ice cream.
Questions:
1. Given the ingredients of halo-halo, how can you
differentiate one ingredient from another?
2. Do all the ingredients have the same properties?
3. When you mix the ingredients, do the
ingredients react with one another? Or do the
properties of each ingredient remain the same?

4. A mixture is a physical blend of
two or more components; each of which
retains its own identity and properties.
The parts or components of a mixture are
simply mixed together physically and can
usually be separated. The properties of a
mixture are a combination of the
different properties of the components.
For instance, the taste of the halo-halo is
a combination of the tastes of the
different ingredients.

5. • Mixtures can be classified as
heterogenous mixtures or as
homogeneous mixtures.
• A mixture in which
composition is not uniform
throughout is a
heterogeneous mixture.

6. • A homogeneous mixture is a
mixture in which the composition
throughout is uniform.

7. Take note that, a homogeneous
mixture consists of a single phase
while the heterogeneous mixture
consists of two or more phases.
Is an oil-water mixture a
homogeneous mixture or a
heterogeneous mixture? Why do
you say so?

8. Differences in physical properties can be
used to separate mixtures. There are various ways to
separate a mixture depending on the properties of
its components. The following are some separation
techniques:
 Filtration is good for separating an insoluble solid
from a liquid. For example, filtration can be done
to separate sand (insoluble solid, which does not
dissolve in water) from a mixture of sand and
water mixture.
 Evaporation is good for separating a soluble solid
from a liquid. For example, copper sulfate crystals
can be separated from copper sulfate solution
using evaporation. Take note that it is the water,
not the solution, that evaporates.

9.  Chromatography is good for separating mixtures of
dissolved substances that have different colors, such as
inks and plant dyes. Some colored substances dissolve
in a certain solvent better than others do, so they travel
further up the paper through adsorption and capillary
action.
 Simple distillation is good for separating a volatile
liquid from non-volatile substances in a solution. For
example, water can be separated from the salt salty
water by simple distillation.The water evaporates from
the solution but is then cooled and condensed as it
passes in a glass tube called the condenser.The
condensed liquid is then collected as the distillate.The
salt does not evaporate and so it stays behind as
residue.

10. ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS

11. • A pure substance cannot be separated by physical
means or any separation techniques.
• It can be classified as elements or compounds.
 Element – is the simplest form of matter. Carbon
(C) in charcoal and oxygen (O) are two of the more
than 100 known elements.
 Compound – is a substance that contains two or
more elements chemically combined in a fixed
proportion. Hydrogen and oxygen in water are
chemically combined, and in any amount of water
sample, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms
as oxygen atoms. This illustrates that the
proportion of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in
water is fixed.

14. Separation techniques that are used to
separate mixtures cannot be used to break
compounds to simpler substances. Compounds are
broken down into simpler compounds or elements
by a chemical change.
For example, water cannot be broken down to
hydrogen and oxygen using any of the physical
methods such as boiling. Instead, water can be
subjected to electrolysis, an electricity-driven
chemical reaction. In addition, table sugar or sucrose
(C12H22O11) can be broken down by intense heat to
yield the simpler substances which are carbon and
water.

15. Assignment:
In your house, examine common household materials
like bleach, toothpaste, rubbing alcohol, shampoo,
cooking oil, etc. Read the labels and identify the elements
and compounds in the different materials. You may list 5
or more.Write it on a ½ crosswise.
Materials Elements and Compounds

16. “The world is indeed a mixture of truth
and make-believe. Discard the make-
believe and take the truth.”
- Ramakrishna