This document discusses different types of matter and mixtures. It begins by classifying matter into pure substances and mixtures based on chemical composition. Pure substances are either elements or compounds, while mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. It then defines pure substances and mixtures, and describes their distinguishing properties. The document also discusses different types of mixtures like solutions, colloids, and suspensions. It provides examples and properties of each type. Various techniques for separating components of mixtures are also outlined.
hello friends this is dattatreya and team.so we all did research on the 2nd chapter of chemistry that is "is matter around us pure so hope you like it and please download it....
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE ? ( CLASS IX )DHRUVGUPTA204
WE KNOW KNOW ALL THING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE CALLED MATTER . BUT WE DO KNOW THAT THE TING OR MATTER IS PURE OR NOT . SO I WANT TO SHARE MY IDEA WITH YOU ............. THANK YOU .
hello friends this is dattatreya and team.so we all did research on the 2nd chapter of chemistry that is "is matter around us pure so hope you like it and please download it....
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE ? ( CLASS IX )DHRUVGUPTA204
WE KNOW KNOW ALL THING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE CALLED MATTER . BUT WE DO KNOW THAT THE TING OR MATTER IS PURE OR NOT . SO I WANT TO SHARE MY IDEA WITH YOU ............. THANK YOU .
The fundamental unit of life is cell. It is briefly explained about it in this ppt , actually you can read this for school exams too. Thank you please leave a like
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class - 9NehaRohtagi1
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to understand that How a Cell Divides and the Organization Of Nucleas and so on. This Slide Presentation will clear your doubts and help you to score good marks in the examinations.
The following power point discusses about the Chemical Effects of Electric Current. In this, we study about how electricity is conduced in liquids, electrolysis and the uses and applications of it
This will give you a complete idea about this topic " is matter around us pure.
It is the concept from ncert class9 and it is also useful for ntse level 1 exam
The fundamental unit of life is cell. It is briefly explained about it in this ppt , actually you can read this for school exams too. Thank you please leave a like
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class - 9NehaRohtagi1
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to understand that How a Cell Divides and the Organization Of Nucleas and so on. This Slide Presentation will clear your doubts and help you to score good marks in the examinations.
The following power point discusses about the Chemical Effects of Electric Current. In this, we study about how electricity is conduced in liquids, electrolysis and the uses and applications of it
This will give you a complete idea about this topic " is matter around us pure.
It is the concept from ncert class9 and it is also useful for ntse level 1 exam
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class 9 to rejuvenate and to revise what they have learnt so far and to clear their doubts regarding any topic in this Chapter.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. CHAPTER - 2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
CLASS :- IX
MADE BY :- Mayank singhania
SCHOOL :- K.V. sec 8 rk puram new delhi
2. 1) Classification of matter :-
i) On the basis of the physical state, matter is classified into three main
types. They are solids, liquids and gases.
ii) On the basis of chemical composition matter is classified into two
main types. They are pure substances and mixtures.
Pure substances are of two types. The are elements and compounds.
Mixtures are of two types. They are homogeneous mixtures and
heterogeneous mixtures.
Matter
Pure substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
mixture mixture
3. 2) Pure substances and mixtures :-
i) Pure substance :- is a substance which consists of a single type of
substance (element or compound).
Eg:- iron, copper, hydrogen, oxygen, water, sugar, common salt etc.
ii) Mixture :- is a substance which consists of two or more pure
substances. Eg:- sea water, minerals, soil, air, sand and salt, sugar in
water, salt in water etc.
Differences between pure substances and mixtures :-
Sl.No. Pure substance Mixture
1 Pure substance consists of a
single type of substance
Mixture consists of two or
more pure substances.
2
3
Pure substance cannot be
separated into other
substances by physical
methods.
Pure substance has its own
definite properties.
Mixture can be separated into
its components by physical
methods.
Mixture shows the properties
of its components.
4. 3) Types of mixtures :-
Mixtures are of two types. They are homogeneous mixture and
heterogeneous mixture.
i) Homogeneous mixture :- is a mixture which has a uniform
composition.
- The particles of the mixture are not visible by the naked eye.
- The particles cannot be separated by filtration.
- The mixture is stable (the particles do not settle down).
- The path of a beam of light is not visible in the mixture.
Eg :- mixture of sugar in water, mixture of salt in water, mixture of
copper sulphate in water etc.
ii) Heterogeneous mixture :- is a mixture which has a non -
uniform composition.
- The particles are visible by the naked eye.
- The particles can be separated by filtration.
- The mixture is unstable (the particles settle down).
- The path of a beam of light is visible in the mixture.
Eg :- mixture of salt and sand, mixture of sulphur and iron filings,
mixture of oil and water etc.
5. 4) True solution :-
A true solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
A solution has a solvent and solute as its components.
The component in the larger amount is the solvent and the
component in the lesser amount is the solute.
Eg :- solution of salt in water, solution of sugar in water,
iodine in water (tincture iodine), soda water etc.
Properties of true solutions :-
i) True solution is a homogeneous mixture.
ii) The particles are cannot be seen by the naked eye.
iii) The solute particles cannot be separated by filtration.
iv) The solute particles do not settle down and the solution
is stable.
v ) The particles do not scatter a beam of light passing
through it and the path of light is not visible in the
solution.
6. 5) Colloidal solution :-
A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture of two or
more substances.
Eg :- mixture of starch in water, mixture of egg albumin in
water, milk, air containing dust and smoke etc.
Properties of colloidal solution :-
i) Colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture.
ii) The particles cannot be seen by the naked eye.
iii) The solute particles cannot be separated by filtration.
iv) The solute particles do not settle down and the solution
is stable.
v) The particles scatter a beam of light passing through it
and the path of light is visible in the solution.
7. 6) Suspension :-
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of two or
more substances.
Eg :- solution of sand in water, solution of chalk powder
in water etc.
Properties of suspension :-
i) Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
ii) The particles can be seen by the naked eye.
iii) The solute particles can be separated by filtration.
iv) The solute particles settle down and the solution is
unstable.
v) The particles scatter a beam of light passing through it
and the path of light is visible in the solution.
8. Solute particles can be
separated by filtration.
Solute particles settle down
and the solution is unstable.
SUSPENSION
Solute particles scatter light
and the path of light is visible.
9. 7) Tyndall effect :-
When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal
solution, the colloid particles scatter the beam of light and
the path of light becomes visible in the solution. This effect
is called Tyndall effect.
Tyndall effect can be seen when light enters a room
through a small hole due to scattering of light by the dust
and smoke particles.
Tyndall effect can be seen in a dense forest due to
scattering of light by water droplets in the mist.
10.
11. 8) Saturated solution :-
Saturated solution :- is a solution which cannot dissolve
any more of a solute at a given temperature.
Solubility :- of a substance is the amount of solute
present
in a saturated solution of the substance.
Unsaturated solution :- is a solution which can dissolve
some more of the solute at a given temperature.
Preparation of a saturated solution :-
Take 50ml of water in two beakers. Add salt in one beaker
with continuous stirring till no more salt dissolves in it.
Similarly add sugar in the other beaker with continuous
stirring till no more sugar dissolves in it. We get saturated
solutions of salt and sugar.
If the mixtures are heated it dissolves some more of the
solute.
The solubility of different substances are different.
The solubility of substances varies with temperature.
12. 9) Concentration of a solution :-
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a
given amount of the solvent or solution.
Amount of solute
Concentration of a solution =
Amount of solvent
Amount of solute
Or =
Amount of solution
The concentration of a solution can be expressed as mass by mass
percentage or as mass by volume percentage.
Mass of solute
Mass by mass percentage of a solution = X 100
Mass of solution
Mass of solute
Mass by volume percentage of a solution = X 100
Volume of solution
13. 10) Separating the components of a mixture :-
The components of a heterogeneous mixture can be
separated by simple methods like hand picking, sieving,
filtration etc.
Sometimes special techniques are used to separate the
components of mixtures like :-
i) Evaporation
ii) Centrifugation
iii) Decantation (Using separating funnel)
iv) Sublimation
v) Centrifugation
vi) Chromatography
vii) Distillation and fractional distillation
14. i) Evaporation :-
This method is used for separating a volatile component
(solvent) from a non volatile component (solute) by heating
the mixture.
Eg :- Ink is a mixture of a dye and water. If some ink is
heated in a dish, the water evaporates and the dye is left in
the dish. Similarly we can separate a mixture of salt and
water or sugar and water by evaporation.
dishMixture of salt and water
stand
burner
wire gauze
15. ii) Centrifugation :-
The method of separating denser particles and lighter
particles from a mixture by using a centrifuging machine
is called centrifugation.
Eg :- If we take some milk in a centrifuging machine and
spin it rapidly, the cream separates from the milk because
cream is less dense than milk.
16. iii) Decantation using separating funnel :-
This method is used for separating a mixture of
immiscible liquids. Liquids separate into different layers
depending on their densities.
Eg :- If we take a mixture of kerosene oil and water in a
separating funnel, it forms separate layers of oil and
water. The water can be separated by opening the stop
cock. After the water flows out the stop clock can be
closed.
water
kerosene
water
17. iv) Sublimation :-
This method is used to separate a mixture of a
sublimable component from a non sublimable component
by heating the mixture.
Eg :- If a mixture of ammonium chloride and common
salt is heated, the ammonium chloride sublimes and can
be cooled and solidified and collected and salt is left
behind.
Mixture of
Ammonium chloride
and salt
Ammonium chloride
vapours
Ammonium chloride
solidified
Inverted funnel
Cotton
China dish
Burner
18. v) Chromatography :-
This method is used for separating coloured components
from a liquid by using a filter paper or blotting paper.
Eg :- Put a drop of ink near one end of a strip of filter
paper and dip the end of the paper in a test tube containing
water. Ink is a mixture of two or more coloured
components. The component which is more soluble in
water rises faster and get separated.
19. vi) Distillation :-
This method is used for separating a mixture of miscible liquids by
boiling the mixture and cooling and condensing the vapours.
Simple distillation :- is used for separating a mixture of two
miscible liquids having sufficient difference in their boiling points.
Eg :- If a mixture of acetone and water is heated in a distillation
apparatus, the acetone which has a lower boiling point than water first
boils and cools and condenses and is separated from the water.
Mixture of acetone
and water
Acetone
20. Fractional distillation :- is used for separating a mixture of two
or more miscible liquids whose difference in boiling points is less than
25K.
The apparatus used for fractional distillation is similar to that used
for simple distillation except that a fractionating column is fitted
between the distillation flask and condenser. The fractionating column
has glass beads which increases the surface for the vapours to cool
and condense.
Fractional distillation is used for separating the components of
petroleum, separating the different gases from air etc.
Mixture
21. 11) Separation of components of air :-
Air is a mixture of gases. The components of air can be separated by
fractional distillation.
Air is compressed by increasing the pressure and cooled by
decreasing the temperature to get liquid air. The liquid air is then
allowed to warm up slowly in a fractional distillation column. Then the
different components separate at different heights depending on their
different boiling points.
Compress and cool by increasing
pressure and decreasing temperature
Allow to warm up slowly
In fractional distillation column
Gases get separated at different heights
Boiling points (O
C) Oxygen – 183, Argon – 186 , Nitrogen – 196
Air
Liquid air
22. 12) Purification of solids by crystallisation :-
Crystallisation is the process of obtaining a pure solid in
the form of crystals from its solution.
Eg :- By crystallisation we can obtain pure copper
sulphate from its solution.
Dissolve about 5g of copper sulphate in minimum
amount of water. Filter the solution to remove the
impurities. Evaporate the solution in a china dish to get a
saturated solution. Cover the solution with a filter paper and
alllow it to cool. Pure copper sulphate crystals are formed.
Impure copper sulphate Pure copper sulphate crystals
23. 13) Types of pure substances :-
Pure substances are of two types. They are elements and
compounds.
i) Element :- is a basic form of matter which cannot be broken down
into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Elements are of
three types. They are metals, non metals and metalloids.
Properties of metals :-
They have lustre. They are malleable and ductile. They are good
conductors of heat and electricity. They are sonorous.
Eg :- iron, aluminium, zinc, mercury, copper, silver, gold etc.
Properties of non metals :-
They do not have lustre. They are not malleable or ductile. They are
poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are not sonorus.
Eg :- hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, carbon, sulphur,
phosphorus etc.
Properties of metalloids :-
Metalloids are elements which show some properties of metals and
some properties of non metals.
Eg :- boron, silicon, germanium etc.
24. ii) Compound :-
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements
chemically combined together in a fixed ratio.
Eg :- water, carbon dioxide, sugar, salt, iron sulphide etc.
Differences between mixtures and compounds :-
Sl.No. Mixture Compound
1 It is composed of two or more
elements or compounds
mixed together.
It is composed of two or more
elements chemically combined
together.
2 The composition of the
components is in any ratio.
The composition of the
components is in a fixed ratio.
3 It shows the properties of the
components.
It shows different properties
than the components.
4 The components can be
separated by physical
methods.
The components can be
separated only by chemical
methods.