Here are some ways to save energy at home: - Use energy-efficient lightbulbs like LED bulbs. - Unplug appliances when not in use to avoid phantom loads. - Lower your thermostat a few degrees in winter and raise it a few degrees in summer. - Seal air leaks around windows and doors to prevent drafts. - Open curtains on sunny days to let in natural light and heat from the sun. - Take shorter showers and turn off the water when brushing your teeth. - Wash clothes in cold water and air dry when possible. - Properly insulate your attic, walls and basement. - Have your furnace and air conditioner serviced regularly for

1. Matter and Energy
Presentation by
Liannette Bellido Cintrón
Natural Sciences
2˚ ESO
I.E.S. FRANCISCO RODRÍGUEZ MARÍN

2. TRANSFORMATIONS
A body has been transformed when it
experiences:
• Any kind of change.
• Interactions with another object.
• To transform matter it is necessary to
have a physical agent to make it possible.

3. Types of systems of matter
• Open system: Matter and energy are
exchanged with another.

4. • Closed system: It is only possible to
exchange energy.

5. • Isolated system: it is not possible to
exchange anything.
This type of system does not exist but
can be explained with an insulated
container.

6. • PHYSICAL AGENTS: HEAT AND WORK.
WORK:
• In scientific terms, it is possible to apply a force
but not work at the same time. If you want to do
work it is absolutely necessary to move the
object to which you apply the force. This is just
because:
W = F · d
•where W is work; F is
force and d is the distance
the object is moved by the
force.

7. HEAT:
• It is the transfer of energy from one body
to another as a result of a difference in
temperature.

8. Types of transformations
• A transformation is any change that a body
can experience, for example:
- change of position.
- Increase or decrease of temperature.
- Change of form.
- A change in the volume.

9. Types of energy
• 1. MECHANICAL ENERGY:
This is the combination of
two kind of energy.
- Kinetic energy: energy
produced by things in
motion.
KE= ½ m v2
- Potential enegy: is due to the
object position.
PE= m·g·h

10. 2. CHEMICAL ENERGY: It
is absorbed or emitted by
a chemical reaction. A
good example could be
combustion, where large
amounts of energy are
emitted.
3. ELECTRICAL ENERGY:
Is produced by a battery.
It is due to the movement
of electrons.

11. 4. NUCLEAR ENERGY: This is energy
stored in the nuclei of atoms. There are
two types of nuclear energy:
A. Nuclear fission. In this process, the
nucleus of an atom splits into two or
more parts, realeasing a vast amount of
energy. The fuel is uranium or plutonium.

12. A. Nuclear fusion. In this process, the
nucleus of an atom joins to other nuclei
to form a heavier atom. A vast amount of
energy it is also produced. This type of
energy is produced in the Sun and all the
stars.

13. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• The law of conservation of energy states that
the total amount of energy in a closed system
remains constant.
- A consequence of this law is that energy cannot
be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

14. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
A. FOSSIL FUELS.
Fossil fuels are formed
from the remains of
microorganism, plants
and animals buried
millions of years ago.
Over time, the effects of
heat, pressure and
bacteria transformed this
organic matter into fossil
fuels.

15. The main fossil fuels are:
- OIL. A naturally occurring
thick, flammable liquid. In
the mid-20th
century, oil
replaced coal as the
principal source of energy.
- COAL. An organic
sedimentary rock formed
from plant material.
- NATURAL GAS. A gaseous
fossil fuel, consisting mainly
of methane. It is found in oil
fields, natural gas fields, and
coal beds.

16. • URANIUM. Uranium is a naturally ocurring element found
in rock, soil and water.
Uranium (or plutonium) is used to provide nuclear energy.
At nuclear plants, uranium atoms are split by nuclear
fission in a nuclear reactor. The energy released is used
to heat water. The vapour produced by the hot water
drives a turbine which generates electrical energy.

17. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES USES
COAL ·The most abundant
fossil fuel.
· Easy and cheap to
convert into energy.
· Extraction can be
dangerous.
· Pollution:combustion
produces carbon dioxide
emissions.
· Production of:
Electricity, heat, steel.
OIL · Produces more heat
than coal.
· Easier to extract than
coal.
· Easy to transport.
· Resources are limited.
· Extraction and
transformation can harm
the enviroment.
· Pollution: burning oil
releases carbon dioxide.
Production of:
electricy, fuel for
vehicles, heat,
chemicals such as
fertilizers, plastics…
GAS · Cleaner than coal and
oil.
· Easy to transport in
pipelines.
· Requires extensive
processing.
·very toxic.
· Leaks can cause
explotions
Production of:
electricity, heat (for
homes), automobile
fuel.
URANIUM ·Small amount of
uranium produce large
amount of energy.
· It does not pollute the
atmosphere.
· Generates highly
contaminating nuclear
waste.
· An accident can
release dangerous
radioactive substances.
Production of:
electricity, heat.

18. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
• Renewable energy sources are energy resources
which are replenished continuously and naturally.
Can you name some?

19. Solar Energy
• This is energy derived from sunlight. It is
used to generate heat and electricity.
Solar energy is generated by photovoltaic
solar panels. It can be used directly or be
transformated into a different type of
energy.

20. Hydroelectric Energy
• This is energy produced by the movement
of water. Hydroelectric energy is cheap to
produce and does not pollute the
environment.

21. Eolic Energy
• This is kinetic energy produced by the wind.
Eolic energy is produced on wind farms which
consist of dozens of wind turbines placed in
rows. Wind moves the sails of the wind turbine.
This mechanical energy drives an electrical
generator, which produces electricity.

22. Geothermal Energy
• This is energy generated by the heat from
within the Earth. Geothermical stations are
built in areas with volcanic activity or with
geysers and natural hot-water springs.

23. Tidal Energy
• This is energy generated from ocean
movement, mainly from tides. In a tidal
power station energy is generated by the
difference in height between high and low
tide.

24. RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
ADVANTAGES DISADAVANTAGES USES
HYDROLECTRIC
· Unlimited source of
energy.
·clean energy source.
· Low usage and
maintenance costs.
· High transportation costs.
· Negative environmental
impact.
· Dependent on weather
conditions.
· Provides heat and
electricity for
homes and
industry.
SOLAR Unlimited source of
energy.
·clean energy source.
· Low maintenance
costs.
· Availability affected by
latitude, seasons,
cloudiness, etc.
· Requires large area to
collect.
· Production of
heat and electricity
EOLIC Unlimited source of
energy.
·clean energy source.
· Low installation and
maintenance costs.
· High efficiency.
· Wind is intermittent and
inconsistent.
· Difficult to store.
·Requires large areas.
· Wind turbines are loud.
· Interferes with radars,
televisions and radio.
· Transformed
directly into
electricity.

25. Renewable energy sources (II)
ADVANTAGES DISADAVANTAGES
USES
GEOTHERMAL ·Clean energy source.
. Non dependent on
weather conditions
unlike solar or eolic
energy.
· Negative
environmental impact.
·Installation is difficult
and costly.
· Tranformed directly
into electricity.
TIDAL · Unlimited source of
energy.
·Clean energy source.
. Non dependent on
weather conditions
unlike solar or eolic
energy.
· Low efficient.
· Negative
environmental impact.
· Limited to certain
coastal areas.
Tranformed directly into
electricity.

26. Could you mention ways to
save energy at home?