5.2 & 5.3 Notes
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This document discusses different forms of energy and energy transformations. It identifies six main types of energy: mechanical, radiant, electrical, thermal, chemical, and nuclear. Mechanical energy can be kinetic or potential energy and is the energy of motion or position of an object. Thermal energy is heat and chemical energy is stored in molecular bonds. Energy can be transformed from one form to another through both internal and external sources, but the total amount of energy remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy. Examples of energy transformations include mechanical to electrical in generators and chemical to thermal in engines.
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Power Notes
Electrical power is measured in watts and refers to the rate at which electrical energy flows through a circuit. Electrical energy purchased is measured in kilowatt-hours, which is the amount of power used over time. The formula for calculating power is Power (watts) equals Voltage (volts) multiplied by Current (amps). For example, a coffee maker that uses 1050 watts for 1 hour per day and electricity costs 14 cents per kilowatt-hour would cost around $4.41 per month to run.
Can you explain how electricity works?
Of course, this suggests that turning off a switch completes a circuit. Electricity travels from the electric wire to the light and then about to the wire. The quantity of energy units utilized during that billing period varies between one month’s reading and the following.
Electricity Notes
The document summarizes the history of electricity, including key discoveries by Greek scientists, Ben Franklin, Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Nikola Tesla, and Thomas Edison. It also covers concepts of electric charge, static electricity, electrical forces, grounding objects, and how lightning works by clouds building up an imbalance of electric charges with the ground.
Conversion of electrical to thermal
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The document discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, nuclear energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, gravitational energy, sound energy, mechanical energy, thermal energy, and energy transformation. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, potential energy is stored energy, nuclear energy comes from splitting atoms, electrical energy comes from the motion and position of electrical charges, and chemical energy is stored in molecular arrangements. Gravitational energy comes from mass and its position in a gravitational field, sound energy comes from vibrations, and mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy. Thermal energy comes from molecular motion and temperature, and energy transformation is the change between different forms of energy.
Electricity1
Electricity is obtained from various sources like wind, water, and sunlight and powers our daily lives. It originates from the atomic level, where atoms are composed of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting outside. Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge, and neutrons are neutral. Objects become electrically charged when they lose or gain electrons, disrupting the usual balance of protons and electrons.
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Electrical power is measured in watts and refers to the rate at which electrical energy flows through a circuit. Electrical energy purchased is measured in kilowatt-hours, which is the amount of power used over time. The formula for calculating power is Power (watts) equals Voltage (volts) multiplied by Current (amps). For example, a coffee maker that uses 1050 watts for 1 hour per day and electricity costs 14 cents per kilowatt-hour would cost around $4.41 per month to run.
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- Chemical energy is stored in chemical compounds and released during chemical reactions, like in foods and batteries.
- Electrical energy is produced by the flow of electric charge through wires in a circuit.
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Work is defined as forces acting on objects over a distance. It is measured in joules or newton-meters. Power is the rate at which work is done and is measured in watts or horsepower. Efficiency calculates how well a machine transfers energy and is the ratio of work output to work input. The most efficient machine is the bicycle at 95% while the human body has an efficiency of only 8%.
Notes 3.2
Gravity is a force that depends on mass and accelerates objects. It creates a force called weight between objects due to their masses. The law of universal gravitation states that there is an attractive force between any two masses or objects in the universe whose strength depends on their masses and the distance between them. Friction is a force that opposes motion and works to slow objects down. There are different types of friction including sliding, rolling, air, and viscous friction. Centripetal force is an inward force that pulls an object traveling in a curved path towards the center to maintain its circular motion.
Notes 3.3
Newton's 3rd law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it. An example calculation shows how to determine the velocity of a ball thrown in the opposite direction of a moving skateboarder using the law of conservation of momentum.
Notes 3.1
1. Sir Isaac Newton formulated the basic laws of mechanics in the late 1600s, including Newton's Three Laws of Motion.
2. Newton's First Law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
3. Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
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Objects moving in a circular path have a constant linear velocity but are constantly accelerating because their direction of motion is continuously changing. Centripetal acceleration points toward the center of the circle and depends on an object's speed and the radius of the circle. For an object to travel in a circular path, a net centripetal force pointing toward the center of the circle must be applied to overcome the object's inertia. Examples of circular motion include boats on waves, objects on strings, orbital motion of planets, and the rotation and revolution of Earth.
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1) The document discusses potential and kinetic energy, with a focus on using potential energy experiments involving trolleys rolling down slopes and pendulums to understand how potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
2) It provides formulas for calculating potential energy (PE = mgh), kinetic energy (KE = 1/2 mv^2), and velocity (v = √2gh) and discusses their application to roller coaster design.
3) The steps outlined for a roller coaster design experiment involve calculating the potential and kinetic energy at various points and using that to determine the track design and roller coaster speed and energy requirements.
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The document summarizes different types of energy sources including renewable and non-renewable sources. It discusses various forms of energy such as kinetic, gravitational potential, thermal, chemical, electric, light, and sound energy. It then describes renewable energy sources like solar, wind, water, waves, tides, biomass, geothermal, and earth heat energy. Non-renewable sources including fossil fuels like coal and petroleum are also examined. Electrical energy generation from thermal, hydroelectric, and nuclear power plants is outlined as well as transmission and distribution of electric energy.
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This document discusses different topics related to energy:
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2. It classifies energy sources as primary, secondary, renewable, and non-renewable and provides examples of each type.
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This document discusses different topics related to energy:
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2. It classifies energy sources as primary, secondary, renewable, and non-renewable and provides examples and characteristics of each.
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Tecnology energy final
This document discusses different topics related to energy:
1. It defines different forms of energy including kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, and nuclear energy.
2. It classifies energy sources as primary, secondary, renewable, and non-renewable and provides examples of each.
3. It describes how thermal energy can be converted into mechanical energy through devices like steam engines, internal combustion engines, steam turbines, and gas engines.
Energy.pptx
Energy is the ability to do work or cause motion and exists in various forms. It can be classified as renewable and non-renewable resources. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels were formed from remains of ancient plants and animals but are finite. Renewable resources like solar, wind and hydro power are replenished naturally and do not pollute. Energy can be transferred and transformed between different forms like kinetic, potential, chemical and electrical, but its total quantity is conserved according to the law of conservation of energy.
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Energy can exist in various forms and can be transferred from one form to another but not created or destroyed. There are nine main types of energy: kinetic, potential, mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, sound, light, and nuclear. Energy transfers allow important functions like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and power generation. Chemical energy is a common form of stored potential energy that can be released to do work.
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Energy can exist in various forms and can be transferred from one form to another but not created or destroyed. There are nine main types of energy: kinetic, potential, mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, sound, light, and nuclear. Energy transfers allow important functions like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and power generation. Chemical energy is a common form of stored potential energy that can be released to do work.
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- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another through energy conversions. There are nine main types of energy including kinetic, potential, mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, sound, light, and nuclear energy.
- Energy conversions allow useful energy to be extracted and support daily life through machines, though some energy is lost as thermal energy during conversions. Common conversions include light to chemical energy through photosynthesis and chemical to kinetic energy through cellular respiration.
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Electrical energy is being transformed into sound energy by a speaker, which is then being transformed back into electrical energy by a microphone.
Matter liannette
Here are some ways to save energy at home:
- Use energy-efficient lightbulbs like LED bulbs.
- Unplug appliances when not in use to avoid phantom loads.
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Energy
Maga Ram Patel from the Department of Renewable Energy Engineering at MPUAT University in Udaipur, India presented on the basic science of energy conversion. The presentation defined energy as the ability to do work and discussed the law of conservation of energy. It explained that energy can be converted between different states such as potential and kinetic energy, and covered various types of energy including thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, mechanical, and others. The presentation emphasized that energy can be converted from one form to another through various processes in nature and technology.
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Energy6 c
Energy causes changes and exists in various forms like mechanical, chemical, heat, electrical, light, and nuclear. Energy can be renewable like solar or non-renewable like fossil fuels. Energy can be transferred, stored, transported, and transformed from one form to another. Heat is a form of energy and temperature measures hot and cold, while conductors and insulators affect heat and electricity transmission. Power plants produce electricity through various means like hydroelectric, wind, thermal, nuclear, and solar energy.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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5.2 & 5.3 Notes
- 1. Forms of Energy & Energy Transformations 5.2 & 5.3
- 2. Types of Energy 1. Mechanical (Potential & Kinetic combined) 2. Radiant 3. Electrical 4. Thermal 5. Chemical 6. Nuclear
- 3. • Forms of Energy Brain Pop • What is Energy?
- 4. Mechanical • Conversion of Potential to Kinetic energy • Due to the motion or position of an object • Soccer ball sitting still to moving • Car sitting still & then moving • Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
- 5. • Turbine • Wind turbine • Roller Coasters
- 6. Radiant (light) • Electromagnetic radiation (waves) from object • Formed from chemical, electrical, or nuclear processes • Include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV, X-rays, gamma • Solar power (radiant light from the Sun converted to electrical energy)
- 7. • Sun/stars emit • Can be collected and converted to electrical • Medical X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs
- 8. Electrical • Movement of electrons through conductors • Created using other forms of energy
- 9. • Electrical fields • Light bulbs • Circuits in electronics • Sensors in animals
- 10. Thermal • Heat released from object
- 11. • Thermal imaging • Heat lamps or space heaters • Fire • Car engine • Incandescent light bulbs
- 12. Chemical • Stored energy in the form of atoms • Chemical reactions release energy Ex) Batteries ▫ Energy stored and converted when connected to wires or resistors Ex) Food ▫ Gets broken down and converted to chemical energy Ex) Fossils Fuels ▫ coal, oil, gas – once dead organisms store chemical energy we burn
- 13. • Battery • Stove tops/ovens • Top of match • Bomb
- 14. Nuclear • Basis for all energy forms (how sun & stars make energy) • Huge amounts of energy released in: 1. Nuclear fusion – small nuclei combine to make larger atom 2. Nuclear fission – large, unstable atom breaks apart to smaller atom • Used to help treat cancer or other diseases
- 15. • Sun/Stars • Nuclear Power Plants • Atom Bomb • Nuclear Decay • a, b, g
- 16. Internal Energy Source • Creation of energy from the random motion of molecules inside an object • Example: ▫ Chemical – breakdown of food ▫ Nuclear – Unstable nuclei release energy & increase objects thermal energy ▫ Electrical – resistance of electron motion causes objects thermal energy to increase
- 17. External Energy Source • Energy source is formed outside a object. Is needed to make object turn on/work. • Example ▫ Power Plant Nuclear Electrical ▫ Thermal energy ▫ Batteries placed inside an object
- 18. Mechanical Energy • Total Mechanical Energy = KE + PE
- 19. Potential Energy PE = mgh Height (m) Mass (kg) Potential Energy (J) Acceleration of gravity (m/sec2)
- 20. Potential Energy Depends on its position above the ground Bigger height = bigger PE Examples Gravitational potential energy (g) Elastic potential energy
- 21. Kinetic Energy KE = ½ mv2 Speed (m/sec) Mass (kg)Kinetic Energy (J)
- 22. Kinetic Energy Bigger mass = more KE Bigger velocity = more KE The green particle is moving 2x faster than the yellow particle. So, its kinetic energy is 4 times bigger. Ek = ½ mv2
- 23. • Law of Conservation of Energy ▫ Energy can never be created nor destroyed its transformed into another energy • Energy Transformations: converts one form of energy into another • Energy Diagrams: Show the flow of energy between objects ▫ Show flow with an arrow
- 25. Power Plant • Converts chemical energy into electrical energy 1. Chemical energy Burn natural gas 2. Thermal energy Formed from burning gas 3. Mechanical energy Heat rises and turns turbine PE converted to KE 4. Electrical energy Magnets in turbine capture moving energy (electrons) and are stored Non-renewable energy source
- 26. Hydroelectric Generator 1. Water’s mechanical energy 2. Turns turbine 3. Transformed into electrical energy • Power plant using renewable energy
- 27. Wind or Water Turbines 1. Wind’s mechanical energy 2. Turns turbine 3. Transformed into electrical energy • Renewable energy source
- 28. Where did the Energy go? • Starts on hand with PE • Throws ball up: converts from PE to KE • At top, all PE • As falls: converts from PE to KE • Right before hits ground: all KE • Hits ground: all PE PE KE