This document outlines the curriculum for an Integrated Science II course for upper primary students. The course covers topics like energy, forces, mixtures, and care of the skin. It aims to teach students to identify creative ways to teach these topics at the primary level and recognize how metals rust. Students will also develop teaching materials from local resources and demonstrate knowledge of teaching standards and child protection laws. The course is divided into 12 units covering these topics over the period of instruction.

1. INTEGRATED SCIENCE II FOR
UPPER PRIMARY
• Identify creative ways to teach energy, forces, care of the skin and mixtures at the
primary level.
• Recognize that some metals and objects made from iron when exposed to moisture
in the presence of air will form rust and explain the effect of rusting on iron and
demonstrate methods of preventing rust.
• Develop and use developmentally appropriate TLMs from locally available materials
for teaching primary school measurement.
• Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of professional development
observed during STS through reflective reporting.
• Demonstrate knowledge and application of the Teachers’ Standards, for primary
school curriculum, laws protecting children and all relevant regulations, and model
positive values, attitudes and behaviors.

2. Unit 1: Energy I
Unit 2: Energy II
Unit 3: Forces
Unit 4: Cure of the Skin I
Unit 5: Solar System I
Unit 6: Course Review I and STS Seminar
Unit 7: Solar System II
Unit 8: Heavenly Bodies
Unit 9: Mixtures I
Unit 10: Mixtures II
Unit 11: Upper Primary Integrated Science Curriculum
Unit 12: Course Review II with STS seminar

3. • 1. Explain the concept of energy
• 2. Identify and describe the various sources of energy
• Meaning of Energy :Energy is simply defined as the ability to do work or make a change.
• Measuring Energy : Energy is measured in joule (J) named in honour of English physicist James Prescott
Joul (1818 - 1889).
• One joule (1J) in SI base units is equal to kgm2 /s2 (kilogram meter squared per second squared)
• A joule (1J) is defined as the work done by a force of one newton (1N) moving an object through
• a distance of one meter (1m). Mathematically, 1J = 1N × 1m
• 1J = Nm (newton-meter): That is about the amount of energy required to lift a small apple one
• meter against Earth's gravity.
• One joule may also be defined as the energy required to move an electric charge of one coulomb
• through an electric potential difference of one volt.
• 1J = 1C × 1V

4. Depending on the specific energy being measured, there
could be other units of measurement
such as:
1. Calories (cal.) This unit is commonly used to indicate the energy content of a fuel, food, a capacity of
refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
• One calorie (1cal.) is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of
one gram (1g) of water by one degree 11Celsius (10C). Calorie (cal.) is a very small unit hence a
larger unit Kilocalories (Kcal) is more commonly used.
• o 1Kcal = 1000 cal.
• o 1 calorie ≈ 4.184 joules (J)
2. British Thermal Unit (BTU) is used to describe the energy content of fuels and the power
• of heating and cooling systems.
• O 1 BTU ≈ 1055 joules (J).
3. Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is used in measuring the energy of electricity.
• o 1 kilowatt-hour ≈ 3.6 × 106 joules (J).

5. Sources of Energy
• Energy is obtained from different places or sources. The sun is the
greatest source of energy for the universe. Energy can also be
obtained from other sources including the wind, heat in the Earth,
water in a dam (stored water), moving water, compressed string,
vibrations, a book resting on a table, battery and natural things like
plants, animals, manure, wood and food. Coal, natural gas and oil are
all burned and then turned into energy. The form of energy obtained
from all these sources have their specific names and we will learn
about them in detail as we go along the course.
• All sources of energy can be divided into two main groups:
• renewable energy sources and non
• renewable energy sources

6. Renewable Energy Sources
• Renewable energy sources are sources of energy that
are naturally gained and can be replaced or
replenished quickly and dependably. These energy
sources are plentiful, sustainable, naturally
replenished and not harmful to the environment.
• The major sources of renewable energy are the
• sun, wind, water, heat inside the core of the earth
and biomass.

7. • The Sun is the star that dominates our solar system.
• The amount of energy emitted by the Sun as radiation
• This energy output is generated deep within the Sun. As a star, the Sun is
made up of
• 71% hydrogen,
• 27% helium and
• 2% other elements.
Nuclear reactions of these elements happening within the core of the sun
results in generating energy . The energy produced moves out towards the
solar surface by radiation and then by convection through the turbulent
mixing of gases on the Sun's surface.
• The Sun’s energy, referred to as solar energy, is the solar radiation (light
and heat)
• The planet and the atmosphere absorb some of this energy with the
remainder being reflected out into space.

8. The Wind :The wind is the motion of air
masses produced as a result of the irregular
heating of the earth’s surface by the sun.
This wind energy can be harnessed
with special devices or gadgets called wind
turbines

9. The Wnd Turbines
• A wind turbine usually has three
propellers like blades called rotors.
The rotor is attached to a tall tower.
The wind makes the rotor spin. As
the rotor spins, the movement of the
blades drives a generator, and this
creates energy known as wind energy

10. Wind energy is useful in various ways such as:
• Wind energy is a renewable resource
1. To generate wind power
2. For transportation of goods and services
3. For wind sports (Windsurfing, Kite surfing, Kiteboarding)
4. For sailing
5. For pumps

11. Geothermal energy
• The Heat Inside the Earth is renewable energy
• Geothermal energy can also be harnessed and transformed into other
forms of energy. The heat inside Earth moves continen
• different forms of GTE such as
• hot springs,
•geysers and
•volcanoes on the surface of the earth.
• builds mountains and causes earthquakes.

12. The Water:(hydro energy)
• Water is in unlimited supply due to the process of the water cycle and
it is a renewable source of energy
• hydro energy power plants (also known as hydroelectric plants)
• The volume of the water flow and the change in elevation or fall,
often referred to as the head, determine the amount of available
energy in the plant. In general, the greater the water flow and the
higher the head, the more hydro energy a hydropower plant can
produce.

14. Biomass (organic materials made from plants
and animals)
•Organic materials are materials obtained
from plants and animals. These materials
also known as biomass (crop residues,
poultry droppings, cow dung, waste crops
and food, aquatic wastes, straw and many
more) are a good source of renewable
energy.

15. Non-renewable Energy Sources
• A non-renewable energy source is a source with a limited supply that
can be mined or extracted from the earth, and will eventually run out
• There are four major types of non-renewable resources:
1. oil,
2. natural gas,
3. coal and
4. nuclear energy.
NB: Oil, natural gas and coal are collectively
called fossil fuels.

16. • Humans dependent on nonrenewable resources as its primary source
of energy. Humans depend on fossil fuels so much because they are
energy-rich and relatively cheap to process
• Rising levels of these heat-trapping gas emissions into the
atmosphere is the main cause of global warming?
How a battery is a
source of energy?
(nonrenewable source
of energy).

17. UNIT TWO: ENERGY II
1. Identify and describe the various forms of
energy.
2. Explain how energy is conserved in
systems.
3. Describe practical applications or uses of
solar energy in daily life activities

19. • Energy is the property of an object that gives it the ability to move, do
work or cause a change. Some forms of energy are; heat energy, light
energy, mechanical energy, gravitational energy, electrical energy,
sound energy, chemical energy, nuclear or atomic energy.
• Energy Transformation or Conversion is the process of changing
energy from one form to another.
• All forms of energy are categorized into Potential Energy (stored
energy or energy of position) and Kinetic Energy (energy of motion).

20. Potential Energy exists in two forms:
Gravitational Potential Energy (energy
stored in
an object that is held in a vertical position)
and Elastic Potential Energy (energy
stored
in objects that can be stressed or compressed).

21. KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy exists in three forms:
1.Vibrational Kinetic Energy (energy of a body due
to vibrational motion),
2.Rotational Kinetic Energy (energy of a body due
to its motion about an axis) and
3.Translational Kinetic Energy (the energy of an
object due to its motion from one location to another).

22. Other forms of energy
1.heat or thermal energy,
2. electrical energy,
3.chemical energy,
4.nuclear energy and
5.solar energy.

23. The Law of Conservation of Energy
•states that energy is never
created nor destroyed,
but it is transformed from one
form to another.

24. Conservation of energy.
The effort made to prevent the wasteful
use of energy
• What Are the practical ways by which we will conserve energy at
home, school, workplace, classroom and anywhere that we find
ourselves?
• Turn off lights
• Use energy efficient electrical appliances
• Drive less and walk more.
• Close all taps when not in use

25. • Heat or thermal energy is the energy transferred from one body to
another as the result of a temperature difference. The transfer or flow
is due to the difference in temperature between the two objects.
• The energy transfer will continue until both objects are at the same
temperature. This is known as reaching a state of thermal
equilibrium.
• There are 3 ways in which heat or thermal energy can be
transferred from one object/substance to another or from a
system to its surroundings:
1. conduction,
2. convection and
3. radiation.

26. Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy
between objects that are touching.
There are some substances that
allow thermal energy to be
conducted through them (like the
teaspoon) and so they are called
conductors.
There are some substances that do not allow thermal
energy to be conducted through them and so
they are called insulators

27. Convection is the transfer of heat due to the
movement of a fluid, such as a gas or liquid, and
carries heat energy away from the source of heat
• .
This movement of
liquid or gas is
called
convection
current,

28. Radiation: The energy from the Sun can warm us without the
Sun ever touching us. This transfer of energy is called radiation.
• Heat Transfer By
Radiation

29. Calculation
• The potential energy of an object depends on its
1. mass of the object (m),
2. acceleration due to gravity (g) and
3. height (h) at which the object
• Mathematically,
• Potential energy (PE) = mass (m) x acceleration due to gravity (g) x height (h)
• PE = mgh (g is a constant = 9.8 m/s2≈ 10 m/s2)
• potential energy has an SI unit of Joules (J) or Kgm2 /s2

30. Worked Example 1
• A stone of mass 2 kg is rolled up a hill 0.1 m high. Calculate the
potential energy of the stone, given that acceleration due to gravity, is
approximately 10 m/s2
• Solution
• Potential energy = mass x acceleration due to gravity x height
• PE = 2 kg x 10 m/s2 x 0.1 m
• PE = 2.0 kgm2 /s2

31. Worked Example 2
A man of mass 57 kg sitting at the top of a mountain
possesses 5700 J of energy. Calculate the height of the
mountain.
Solution
Sitting on top of a mountain implies that the man
possesses potential energy.
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
The height of the mountain is 10 m.

32. • where m = mass of the object and v = the velocity or the rate at which
the object is moving
• Looking at the formula for calculating the kinetic energy of objects, we can
deduce that:
• 1. If we double the mass of an object, we double the kinetic energy.
• 2. If we double the speed of an object, the kinetic energy increases by four times.
• The SI unit of Kinetic energy is Joules (J) or Kgm2/s2