Here are the key algorithms used in the program:
1. Obstacle detection algorithm:
- Use infrared sensors to detect obstacles on the right side (RS), front (FS), and left side (LS)
- Check the sensor values - if any of them return 1, an obstacle is detected on that side
2. Obstacle avoidance algorithm:
- If no obstacle detected on any side (RS=FS=LS=0), move forward
- Else if obstacle detected in front only (FS=1, RS=LS=0), turn 45 degrees left
- Else if obstacle detected on right only (RS=1, FS=LS=0), turn 45 degrees right
- Else if obstacle
Obstacle Avoiding Robot
Robotics is a branch of science that deals with Mechanical, Electrical and Software fields. Robots are the machines that are used in our day-to-day to life to reduce men power and work accurately without any distortions. Robots can be classified into two different sections basing upon their skills as Automated and Manual. Obstacle detector is a Automated robot which itself recognizes the obstacle in its path and moves in free direction. Robot detects the obstacle by using two IR Sensors placed in front.
The IR sensors are placed on left and right side of the robot through which continuous Infrared radiation is emitted for detection of obstacles in the path. These IR Sensors are connected to a controlling element AT89c51 µc. When a obstacle is placed in the path of robot IR beam is reflected to the sensor from the obstacle. On detecting obstacle in the path sensor sends 0 volts to µc. This 0 voltage is detected by Microcontroller which avoids the obstacle by taking left or right turn. Similarly if the sensor sends +5v to Microcontroller, the Microcontroller assumes it as clear path and makes the robot to move in straight.
Two motors namely right motor and left motor are connected to Motor driver IC (L293D). L293D is interface with Microcontroller. Microcontroller sends logic 0 & logic 1 as per the programming to driver IC which makes motors to rotate in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. Wheels attached to the motors rotate accordingly with the motor shaft causing in the moment of the robot by wheels. In front portion of the robot a free wheel is attached to move the robot easily in any direction as per the requirement.
A 12Volts DC battery is attached to the circuit. As the microcontroller and sensors requires only 5v, set of resistors and capacitors are used to supply 5v DC to them. Power Management System is not maintained in the circuit as the battery can be removed after the usage of robot. So it does not cause any loss in the power of battery.
This type of robots has multiple applications in various fields. They can be used to know the strength of the opposite army in defense system. They can be used as floor and wall cleaners. They are used in automated GPS vehicles to calculate the moment of the vehicle overhead. These robots are easy to construct and cheaper in cost with long durability.
For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, Lab VIEW is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers, LabVIEW provides all of the necessary tools for robotics development. The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. Speed of a DC motor varies proportional to the input voltage. With a fixed supply voltage the speed of the motor can be changed. This paper focuses on controlling the speed and direction of a Robot using PWM technique (varying duty cycle of a square wave) and Arduino. The four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement and it is controlled by using LabVIEW interface Arduino (LIFA).
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
Obstacle Avoiding Robot
Robotics is a branch of science that deals with Mechanical, Electrical and Software fields. Robots are the machines that are used in our day-to-day to life to reduce men power and work accurately without any distortions. Robots can be classified into two different sections basing upon their skills as Automated and Manual. Obstacle detector is a Automated robot which itself recognizes the obstacle in its path and moves in free direction. Robot detects the obstacle by using two IR Sensors placed in front.
The IR sensors are placed on left and right side of the robot through which continuous Infrared radiation is emitted for detection of obstacles in the path. These IR Sensors are connected to a controlling element AT89c51 µc. When a obstacle is placed in the path of robot IR beam is reflected to the sensor from the obstacle. On detecting obstacle in the path sensor sends 0 volts to µc. This 0 voltage is detected by Microcontroller which avoids the obstacle by taking left or right turn. Similarly if the sensor sends +5v to Microcontroller, the Microcontroller assumes it as clear path and makes the robot to move in straight.
Two motors namely right motor and left motor are connected to Motor driver IC (L293D). L293D is interface with Microcontroller. Microcontroller sends logic 0 & logic 1 as per the programming to driver IC which makes motors to rotate in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. Wheels attached to the motors rotate accordingly with the motor shaft causing in the moment of the robot by wheels. In front portion of the robot a free wheel is attached to move the robot easily in any direction as per the requirement.
A 12Volts DC battery is attached to the circuit. As the microcontroller and sensors requires only 5v, set of resistors and capacitors are used to supply 5v DC to them. Power Management System is not maintained in the circuit as the battery can be removed after the usage of robot. So it does not cause any loss in the power of battery.
This type of robots has multiple applications in various fields. They can be used to know the strength of the opposite army in defense system. They can be used as floor and wall cleaners. They are used in automated GPS vehicles to calculate the moment of the vehicle overhead. These robots are easy to construct and cheaper in cost with long durability.
For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, Lab VIEW is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers, LabVIEW provides all of the necessary tools for robotics development. The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. Speed of a DC motor varies proportional to the input voltage. With a fixed supply voltage the speed of the motor can be changed. This paper focuses on controlling the speed and direction of a Robot using PWM technique (varying duty cycle of a square wave) and Arduino. The four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement and it is controlled by using LabVIEW interface Arduino (LIFA).
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
1.Gesture recognition enables humans to communicate with the machine and interact naturally without any mechanical devices
2.Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand
3.This project we have tried to control a robot by hand gestures using an accelerometer sensor in conjunction with a MCU and RF link.
An Smart Robot is an intelligent robot, which can automatically sense and overcome obstacles on its path, picking and dropping the object. It contains of a Microcontroller to process the data, and sensors to detect the obstacles on its path.
MOBILE CONTROLLED ROBOTIC ARM USING ARDUINO AND HC-06Eklavya Sharma
Design and control of RoboDroid to do monotonous job using a smartphone only. The robot is named ‘RoboDroid’ as it utilizes concept of both Robotics and Android.
It is a mechanical arm with movable base that is controlled by an
application through Android Smartphone via Bluetooth using a
most commonly used Bluetooth module HC-06 and programmed
with Arduino Uno. Research Paper ranked first in BITS apogee in Electronics and instrumentation.
it is basically a model for wheelchair.for physically handicapped persons it will be very useful.the robot uses a accelerometer sensor for the movement of the robot, so that sensor is installed on the transmitter section and the thing you should wear on your arm.on the receiver side microcontroller is present which will decode the data.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
Report Remote communication of Robotic module using lifaVatsal N Shah
LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is the software which gives virtual existence of hardware, reduces its cost and hence termed as Virtual Instrumentation. For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, it is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers. The movement of the robot is controlled by using LabVIEW. In the LabVIEW four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement of the robot.
The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. DC Motor will be interfaced with LabVIEW using an Arduino Uno board. Arduino Uno board plays the role of low cost data acquisition board. The speed of the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface (GUI) in LabVIEW. LabVIEW will in turn pass this speed to the DC motor using a PWM pins on the Arduino Uno board. DC motor will move with the speed set by the user in LabVIEW.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The paper describes a automatically controlled wheel chair for disabled people. The chair enables the user to move his chair using his finger & hand. The flex sensors and accelerometer on the glove generate ASL coded signals which are decoded & control the chair. It also display the information intended by the user. Additionally the information is also converts to speech. The wireless link between the glove & wheel chair enables any person to operate. This advanced wheelchair system is used for physically disabled and deaf/dumb people move around easily and to communicate with normal people.
The present condition in Industry is that they are using the crane system to carry the parcels from one place to another, including harbors. Some times the lifting of big weights may cause the breakage of lifting materials and will cause damage to the parcels too. Application of the proposed system is for industries. The robot movement depends on the track. Use of this robot is to transport the materials from one place to another place in the industry.
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance. In such type of applications wireless communication is more important.
In robotic applications, generally we need a remote device to control. If we use IR remote device, it is just limited to meters distance and also if any obstacle is in between its path then there will be no communication. If we consider, RF modules for remote operations there is no objection whether an obstacle is present in its path. So that it is very helpful to control robot.
RF modules itself can generates its carrier frequency which is around 2.4 GHz. We need to generate serial data using micro controller and fed to the RF transmitting module. On other side RF receiver receives sent data as RF signals and given to another micro controller. Here, RF receiver itself demodulates the data from carrier signal and generate serial data as output.
1.Gesture recognition enables humans to communicate with the machine and interact naturally without any mechanical devices
2.Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand
3.This project we have tried to control a robot by hand gestures using an accelerometer sensor in conjunction with a MCU and RF link.
An Smart Robot is an intelligent robot, which can automatically sense and overcome obstacles on its path, picking and dropping the object. It contains of a Microcontroller to process the data, and sensors to detect the obstacles on its path.
MOBILE CONTROLLED ROBOTIC ARM USING ARDUINO AND HC-06Eklavya Sharma
Design and control of RoboDroid to do monotonous job using a smartphone only. The robot is named ‘RoboDroid’ as it utilizes concept of both Robotics and Android.
It is a mechanical arm with movable base that is controlled by an
application through Android Smartphone via Bluetooth using a
most commonly used Bluetooth module HC-06 and programmed
with Arduino Uno. Research Paper ranked first in BITS apogee in Electronics and instrumentation.
it is basically a model for wheelchair.for physically handicapped persons it will be very useful.the robot uses a accelerometer sensor for the movement of the robot, so that sensor is installed on the transmitter section and the thing you should wear on your arm.on the receiver side microcontroller is present which will decode the data.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
Report Remote communication of Robotic module using lifaVatsal N Shah
LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is the software which gives virtual existence of hardware, reduces its cost and hence termed as Virtual Instrumentation. For years, LabVIEW has enabled engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated autonomous systems. At its core, it is widely used for sensor and actuator connectivity and currently offers more than 8000 drivers for measurement devices. Furthermore, with new libraries for autonomy and an entirely new suite of robotics-specific sensor and actuator drivers. The movement of the robot is controlled by using LabVIEW. In the LabVIEW four different keys are assigned for the forward, backward, left and right movement of the robot.
The DC Motor is an attractive piece of equipment in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load characteristics due to its ease of controllability. DC Motor will be interfaced with LabVIEW using an Arduino Uno board. Arduino Uno board plays the role of low cost data acquisition board. The speed of the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface (GUI) in LabVIEW. LabVIEW will in turn pass this speed to the DC motor using a PWM pins on the Arduino Uno board. DC motor will move with the speed set by the user in LabVIEW.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The paper describes a automatically controlled wheel chair for disabled people. The chair enables the user to move his chair using his finger & hand. The flex sensors and accelerometer on the glove generate ASL coded signals which are decoded & control the chair. It also display the information intended by the user. Additionally the information is also converts to speech. The wireless link between the glove & wheel chair enables any person to operate. This advanced wheelchair system is used for physically disabled and deaf/dumb people move around easily and to communicate with normal people.
The present condition in Industry is that they are using the crane system to carry the parcels from one place to another, including harbors. Some times the lifting of big weights may cause the breakage of lifting materials and will cause damage to the parcels too. Application of the proposed system is for industries. The robot movement depends on the track. Use of this robot is to transport the materials from one place to another place in the industry.
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision. There are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform. A robot can be controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance. In such type of applications wireless communication is more important.
In robotic applications, generally we need a remote device to control. If we use IR remote device, it is just limited to meters distance and also if any obstacle is in between its path then there will be no communication. If we consider, RF modules for remote operations there is no objection whether an obstacle is present in its path. So that it is very helpful to control robot.
RF modules itself can generates its carrier frequency which is around 2.4 GHz. We need to generate serial data using micro controller and fed to the RF transmitting module. On other side RF receiver receives sent data as RF signals and given to another micro controller. Here, RF receiver itself demodulates the data from carrier signal and generate serial data as output.
Obstacle Avoidance Robot Summer training Presentation Wasi Abbas
i did an extremely hard work on it. I believe that you all my friends will surely get the benefit of this presentation. As a student of B.tech I just wish to assist those who always ready to assist another one. thanks for reading......
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
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Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
This is a presentation of OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT. which has the details on making an obstacle avoider using arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor. This presentation has the detailed description of all the components that are being used in making. And also circuit diagram and flow chart of the robot.
B.Tech.Final Year ECE Project Report on Ultrasonic distance measure robotSushant Shankar
ULTRA-4 or ultrasonic distance measure robot is a robot which perform many action such as it gives the actual position of wall or obstacle which comes in front of it, measures the distance which displayed by 7-segment and also show the moving images of the objects by camera.
The application area of ultra-4 is very wide such as rescue oprations, spy robot, versatile use in autonomus technology,use in mining,it has found essential use in light industry (e.g. toy industry) agriculture and power engineering and used in car parking system.
This paper focuses on the materials, working principle of a robotic vehicle which will be controlled with hand motion. The aim of this research is to enhance industrialization by creating a hand motion controlled robotic vehicle, since it uses hand motion it will be easier to use in automation and various industries. It is also very beneficial for people with disabilities since only hand motion is required. There were various materials that were used in the research. 2 microcontrollers, an accelerometer, RF modules, encoder, decoder, diode, motor driver IC, DC motor and batteries. The microcontrollers are small computers which can be programmed to be utilized in various different ways. The Accelerometer is a PCB or a sensor which detects speed. The RF modules are of two types which are transmitters and receivers and they are components which are used to send data and information wirelessly. The encoder and decoder are used to convert the binary to any n number of output terminals. The diode is used to send the electricity in one direction. The motor driver IC controls the DC motor from the information given by the microcontroller ICs and lastly a 9v Battery will be used to power the system. The arduino software will be used to program the IC so it can perform the required task. The gadget features a receiver circuit that is intended to be worn on top of the user's glove. The vehicle's circuit incorporates an RF receiver, an 8051 CPU, and a Driver IC to power the motors. This method is extremely useful for persons with impairments since it allows a robotic vehicle to drive itself using hand gestures. The person only needs to move his hand to move the car forward, backward, left, or right. As a result, the user is not required to push any buttons.
The important aspect of our project revolves around the concept of monitoring the machines utilized in the textile industry. It is aimed at continuously examining the components and machineries in the industry. This project have the ability to establish communication link between various machineries in industries and the controlling system. It also helps in sequential power ON and power OFF of the machineries depending on the outputs received from the controlling unit. The project enables automatic manipulation of the machineries. The controlling system monitors various parameters of the machineries and evaluates its performance and updates the required changes. The machineries will be linked via RF transmitter and receiver. This enables communication link between the controlling device and the connected recipient devices. For maintenance purposes both automatic and manual methods of manipulation are provided. Either of them can be chosen depending upon the purpose. When automatic mode is turned on the machines can be controlled only by the server.
Developing Infrared Controlled Automated Door SystemIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Design Efficient Wireless Monitoring Platform for Recycling Point SpotsIJMTST Journal
There is a growing demand for low cost, very low power and reduced size monitoring systems with
wireless communications, to be used in different kinds of industrial environments. In several countries waste
separation and recycling is a major issue. Consequently, the number of recycling spots has been steadily
increasing. In order to ensure that recycle bins are properly maintained, several monitoring solutions have
been proposed. These still have several limitations, such as requiring wires for power and/or communications
and not being able to fit in all existing types of bins. This paper presents WECO, a wireless embedded solution
for monitoring the level of the bins located in recycling spots. The proposed system automatically alerts a
remote central station when a bin reaches a programmable filling level, thus avoiding the need to spot check
if the bin is full and ensuring that the recycling spot is kept clean. The developed prototype required
hardware-software co-design and aimed to meet the above mentioned requirements, resorting to the IEEE
802.15.4 protocol for wireless communications between all nodes in the network, each based on a
System-On-Chip CC2530 from Texas Instruments. Due to its wireless nature, the architecture requires a
battery for power supplying the nodes, with a life time of at least six years. The filling level readings of each
bin in a recycling spot are made using an ultrasonic sensor. The data collected by the monitoring platform is
then sent to the remote central station that processes it in order to optimize routes and establish a scheduled
collection of the recycling spots.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Major
1. “Obstacle Avoiding Robot”
Submitted in fulfillment of PROJECT required for the
Bachelor of Engineering (B.E)
In
Information Technology
By
Sachin Narang(ue6858),Shikhar Misra(ue6878)
IT 8th Semester
Panjab University
Under the Supervision
Of
Ms. Inderdeep Aulakh
Associate Professor, UIET
Obstacle Avoidance Robot Page 1
3. In any project that calls for study of particular aspects in any field or subject,
one needs support from number of persons who directly or indirectly
contribute by way of discussion, interaction and response. It is not possible to
thank all those who have helped in this project, but we must express heartily
gratitude to few of them.
We would like to thank Mrs. INDERDEEP AULAKH who earmarked us her
precious time and guidance without which this would have been an extremely
daunting task.
Last but not least I express my gratitude to our Institution for all kind of
opportunities help and support.
DECLARATION
Obstacle Avoidance Robot Page 3
4. We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this
report on ‘Obstacle Avoiding Robot’ submitted at U.I.E.T., Panjab
University is an authentic work presented by Mr. Sachin Narang
(UE6858) and Shikhar Misra (UE6878) of B.E. (I.T.) 8th semester
under the supervision of Ms. Inderdeep Aulakh.
Sachin Narang(UE6858)
Shikhar Misra (UE6878)
CERTIFICATE
Obstacle Avoidance Robot Page 4
5. This is to certify that Mr. Sachin Narang(UE6858) and Mr. Shikhar
Misra(UE6878) B.E. (I.T.) 8th Semester have completed Major
Project , in accordance with the requirement for qualifying 8th
semester, on Obstacle Avoiding Robot under the guidance of Ms.
Inderdeep Aulakh.
Inderdeep Aulakh
Associate Professor
(Teacher In-Charge)
ABSTRACT
Obstacle Avoidance Robot Page 5
6. We have undertaken a project of making a microcontroller based electronic
equipment that is able to detect the distance of an object placed in its line of
sight (i.e. within its range of perception). It uses Infrared Rays to detect the
obstacle, in which an infrared wave is sent and the reflected wave from the
object is received and on the basis of infrared sensor which senses the
reflected infrared ray the presence of obstacle is verified.
After the verification of the object our equipment changes its path according to
the programming of microcontroller.
Obstacle Avoidance Robot Page 6
7. 1. Project Description
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Obstacle Avoidance Robot using 8051 is built using infrared sensor
module. The Right module and the left module are used to detect the obstacle
on the right and the left side of the device respectively. The Right and left
module are connected at approximately 45 degree to the board so as to
detect the obstacle on either side.
Very often obstacles avoidance tasks rely on infrared sensors where the
measuring data of the sensors are first used to gain a local representation of
the environment in order to afterwards control the robot accordingly. IR
sensors are simple, commonly employed, and relatively low-cost sensing
modalities to perform the obstacle avoidance task. Sometimes, IR sensors
may be preferable to ultrasonic sensors due to their faster response time,
narrower beam width, and lower cost. The intensity of the light detected
depends on several parameters including the surface reflectance properties,
the distance to the surface, and the relative orientation of the emitter, the
detector, and the surface. These devices are inexpensive, practical, and
widely available; their use has been mostly limited to detect the presence or
absence of objects in the environment (proximity detection) for applications
such as obstacle avoidance or counting.
1.2 MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
• Philips 89V51RD2 Microcontroller with 64kB flash memory working at
11.0592MHz.
• Regulated power supply: 7-15V
• Power indicator LED.
• 2 DC motors
• Separate ON/OFF switches for power.
• UART communication circuit.
• 2 Infrared sensors.
Obstacle Avoidance Robot Page 7
8. 2. Component Description Details
2.1 P89V51RD2(Philips) Features
The P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 is 80C51 microcontrollers with 16/32/64 kB
Flash and1024 bytes of data RAM.
A key feature of the P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 is its X2 mode option. The
design engineer can choose to run the application with the
conventional 80C51 clock rate (12 clocks per machine cycle) or select
the X2 mode (6 clocks per machine cycle) to achieve twice the
throughput at the same clock frequency. Another way to benefit from
this feature is to keep the same performance by reducing the clock
frequency by half, thus dramatically reducing the EMI.
The Flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in
serial In-System Programming (ISP). Parallel programming mode
offers gang-programming at high speed, reducing programming costs
and time to market. ISP allows a device to be reprogrammed in the end
product under software control. The capability to field/update the
application firmware makes a wide range of applications possible.
The P89V51RB2/RC2/RD2 is also In-Application Programmable (IAP),
allowing the Flash program memory to be reconfigured even while the
application is running.
Features
1. 80C51 Central Processing Unit.
2. 5 V Operating voltage from 0 MHz to 40 MHz
3. 16/32/64 kB of on-chip Flash user code memory with ISP (In-
System
Programming) and IAP (In-Application Programming).
4. Supports 12-clock (default) or 6-clock mode selection via software
or ISP.
5. PCA (Programmable Counter Array) with PWM and
Capture/Compare functions.
6. Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-current Port 1 pins (16 mA
each)
7. Three 16-bit timers/counters.
8. Eight interrupt sources with four priority levels
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10. POWER-ON RESET CIRCUIT
When power is applied to the device, the RST pin must be held high
long enough for the oscillator to start up (usually several milliseconds
for a low frequency crystal), in addition to two machine cycles for a
valid power-on reset.
An example of a method to extend the RST signal is to implement a
RC circuit by connecting the RST pin to VDD through a 10 F capacitor
and to VSS through an 8.2KW resistor as shown in FIGURE Note that
if an RC circuit is being used, provisions should be made to ensure the
VDD rise time does not exceed 1 millisecond and the oscillator start-up
time does not exceed 10 milliseconds.
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11. 2.3 INFRARED SENSOR
TSOP based obstacle detector / proximity sensing module
Features:
• Typical Maximum Range :10cm
• Modulated IR transmitter
• Ambient light protected IR receiver
• Calibration preset for range adjustment
• 3 pin easy interface connectors
• Bus powered module
• Indicator LED
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13. LM7805: 3-TERMINAL 1A POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS
The LM7805 is a three-terminal positive regulator available in the TO-220/D-
PAK package. It is useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, it can deliver
over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
Regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable voltages and currents.
Pin out:
2.5 MOTOR DRIVER IC L293D
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14. DESCRIPTION
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel
driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive
loads (such as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching
power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is
equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the
logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are
included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at
frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic
package which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heat
sinking.
The motor supply voltage can go up to 24Volts safely. But the IC supports a
maximum of only 600mA current/channel; which is more than enough to drive
small DC geared motors. We use 0.22uF capacitors across both the motors to
reduce the effect of noise on the circuitry. It is also recommended to add
100uF capacitor between the motor supply pin and the Gnd. Connections M1-
A and M2-B correspond to Motor 1 while connections M2-A and M2-B
correspond to Motor 2.
PIN CONNECTIONS
MOTOR DRIVER INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER
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15. CONTROLLING DC MOTOR USING IC LD293D
Controlling a DC motor is nothing but controlling the direction and speed of a
motor. It is very necessary to go through motor controlling concept, if you are
designing an autonomous robot.
How DC Motor works ???
Let’s start with how actually DC motor runs. Direction control of a DC motor is
very simple, just reverse the polarity, means every DC motor has two
terminals out. When we apply DC voltage with proper current to a motor, it
rotates in a particular direction but when we reverse the connection of voltage
between two terminals, motor rotates in another direction.
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16. Now let us consider how to control motor using Microcontroller provided:
1. Microcontroller provides us only digital logic (1 or a 0).
2. We can’t provide polarity from microcontroller.
3. We can’t connect motors to Controller as mostly motors runs on voltage
higher that +5V, and motors demands high current (depends).
Now the solution to above limitations is use of an “H Bridge”.
It is a circuit which allows motor rotation in both directions. From four
terminals of H Bridge you can control a DC motor.
It is a circuit which allows motor rotation in both directions. From four terminals of H
Bridge you can control a DC motor.
Motors can be driven in clockwise direction or anti-clockwise direction according to
our requirements. To do so we first need to connect motors and find out the
commands we need to give to our microcontroller to perform the specific rotation.
3. Circuit Basic Block Diagram & Circuit Diagram
Memory
LS
ML
8051µC
FS
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17. MR
RS Clock
Circuit Diagram
4. Software Used
A) TRIC: FOR PROGRAMMING MICROCONTROLLER USING C.
B) FLASH MAGIC: FOR BURNING PROGRAM.
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18. 4.1TRIC:
Library files used:
1 DC MOTORS:
A. RUNMOTOR(motor number, direction, speed)
This is the prototype of function RUNMOTOR used to move
the motor in a specified direction, with desired speed. Once you make
a call to this function it keeps running the motor unless you call
another function STOPMOTOR discussed next.
• motor_num:-As we know that to the iBOT we can connect four dc
motors at a time, the first thing we need to mention is the motor which
we want to know the motor_num accepts the values to specify the
motor number to be moved which are motor1 (PORT P2_0 and
P2_1), motor2 (PORT P2_2 and P2_3), motor3 (PORT P2_4 and
P2_5), and motor4 (PORT P2_6 and P2_7). Any other values apart
from this will not give the desired results.
• Direction:-Next is the direction in which we want to rotate the motor
either clockwise or anticlockwise, note this direction is with respect to
the shaft of the motor while looking into the shaft. Thus if you want to
rotate the motor clockwise for a while you have to input the direction
as cw and ccw, if in case you want it to rotate in anticlockwise
rotation
A point to ponder is that when you rotate a wheel clockwise it
tries to move the vehicle forward whereas the other side-wheel will
tend to move the vehicle backward and as such the vehicle will
revolve around at its position. Thus you have to run the other motor in
anticlockwise direction, so that the vehicle moves forward as such.
This seems a bit confusing is it? And also a tedious thing to do. Hence
to make things simpler what you can do is that connect the motors
one side of vehicle in reverse order the way you connect the other.
Thus clockwise may be the direction to move the vehicle forward and
anticlockwise to both to move the vehicle back.
• Speed: - Generally, the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional
to the voltage applied to it. So the parameter is percentage of the
maximum speed with which the motor can be rotated. Thus the speed
value varies from 0 to 100.
B. STOPMOTOR (motor_num)
This is the prototype of the function called STOPMOTOR used
to stop the respective motor passed as parameter to this
function. There is one and only parameter motor_num which
mention the motor number to be stopped.
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19. 2. DELAY
DELAY (unsigned int time)
This function is used to generate the real time delay in
milliseconds it has only one parameter time which accepts the integer values
in the range of 0 to 65535 thus it can generate a time delay of 0 milliseconds
to 65535 milliseconds. If the user has a need of higher delays then he has to
call the function DELAY multiple times to meet his requirements.
EXAMPLE:
#include<delay.h>
void main ()
{
while (1)
{
P3_1=~P3_1;
DELAY (100);
}
}
In the above program the function DELAY (100) generates a delay of 100
milliseconds and thus toggles the pin1 of port 3 every 100 milliseconds infact
in other ways it generates a square wave of 20 Hz frequency.
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20. 4.2 FLASH MAGIC
Flash Magic is Windows software from the Embedded Systems Academy that
allows easy
Access to all the ISP features provided by the devices. These features
include:
• Erasing the Flash memory (individual blocks or the whole device)
• Programming the Flash memory
• Modifying the Boot Vector and Status Byte
• Reading Flash memory
The window is divided up into five sections. Work your way from section 1 to
section 5 to program a device using the most common functions. Each section
is described in detail in the following sections.
At the very bottom left of the window is an area where progress messages will
be displayed and at the very bottom right is where the progress bar is
displayed. In between the messages and the progress bar is a count of the
number of times the currently selected hex file has been programmed since it
was last modified or selected.
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21. 5. Algorithms for Coding
Start
If Obstacle not Present on either side (RS=FS=LS=0)
Move Forward
Else if Obstacle Present in Front but not on either side (FS=1, RS=LS=0)
Turn 45O left
Else if Obstacle Present on Right but not on front and left side (FS=0, RS=1,
LS=0)
Turn 45O left
Else if Obstacle Present in Left but not on front and right side (FS=0, RS=0,
LS=1)
Turn 45O right
Else if Obstacle Present in Front and Right side but not on left side (FS=1,
RS=1, LS=0)
Turn 90O left
Else if Obstacle Present in Front and Left side but not on right side (FS=1,
RS=0, LS=1)
Turn 90O right
Else if Obstacle Present in Front and Left side but not on right side (FS=1,
RS=1, LS=1)
Turn 135O left
End
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22. Left Sensor Right Sensor Action
1 0 45o turn right
0 1 45o turn left
1 1 90o turn left
0 0 Move forward
6. Program
include<P89V51RD2.h>
#include<delay.h>
#define fwd 0x05
#define right 0x04
#define left 0x01
void main()
{
P1=0xFF;
P2=0x00;
while(1)
{
if(P1_0==0 && P1_1==0)
{
P2=fwd;
DELAY(50);
}
if(P1_0==1 && P1_1==0)
{
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25. TOTAL COST 2700
Conclusions
As during driving there is a chance of human error which may lead to
accidents. Keeping this in mind automatic systems are employed to avoid
human errors and for ease of work.
Hence, we conclude that use of sensors & microcontroller in our project
proves to be very helpful as these can provide better and faster results.
Innovativeness and Usefulness
1. The project promises immense benefit in engineering and design of
more efficient automated control for vehicles.
2. Improved safety and better control for vehicle and robotic automation.
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26. References
1. www.avrfreaks.net : A website with resources for AVR
microcontrollers
2. www.PHILLIPS.com: The official website of PHILLIPS Corp.
3. www.avagotech.com: The official website Avago Technologies
4. www.vishay.com: The official website of vishay Corp.
5. www.national.com: The official website of National Semiconductors
6. www.roboticsindia.com: For Indian Robotics and electronics
enthusiasts.
7. www.wikipedia.com: A website for free encyclopedia
8. www.winavr.sourceforge.net : The official website of WinAVR
software
9. www.datasheetsforyou.com: Website for datasheets
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