Advanced Indo Border security system

1. i
Certificate
This is to certify that this project report entitled “ADVANCED INDO BORDER
SECURITY SYSTEM” by AYOUSH JAISWAL (1343131006), JITENDRA YADAV
(1343131010), MOHD. SHABAN ANSARI (1343131017), SHAHBAZ KHAN
(1343131035) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow, during the academic year 2016-17, is a bonafide record of
work carried out under my guidance and supervision.
Ms. Kiran Kumari Mr. Santosh Kumar Tripathi
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Electronics & Communication Engineering Head Of Department
B.N. College of Engineering and Technology, Electronics & Communication Engineering
Lucknow B.N. College of Engineering and
(Project Guide) Technology, Lucknow

2. ii
Acknowledgement
Like most effective endeavors, preparing this project was a collaborative effort. I owe
a great debt to many individuals who helped me in successful completion of this project.
I would not have completed this journey without the help, guidance and constant
support and co-operation of certain people who acted as guides and friends along the way. I
would like to express my deepest and sincere thanks to Mr. Santosh Kumar Tripathi (Head
of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department) and Ms. Kiran Kumari
(Assistant Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department) for their
invaluable guidance and help. It would never be possible for me to take this project to this
level without their innovative ideas and their relentless support and encouragement.
In this connection I would like to express my gratitude to my parents and friends who
were constant source of inspiration during the project report. At last I thank to Almighty for
giving me the power to complete this project successfully.
AYOUSH JAISWAL (1343131006)
JITENDRA YADAV (1343131010)
MOHD. SHABAN ANSARI (1343131017)
SHAHBAZ KHAN (1343131035)

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Abstract
Advanced Indo Border Security System (AIBSS) now provide a new monitoring and control
capability for monitoring the borders of the country. Using this concept we can easily identify
a stranger or some terrorists entering the border. The border area is divided into number of
nodes. Each node is in contact with each other and with the main node. The noise produced
by the foot-steps of the stranger are collected using the sensor. This sensed signal is then
converted into power spectral density and the compared with reference value of our
convenience. Accordingly the compared value is processed using a microprocessor, which
sends appropriate signals to the main node. Thus the stranger is identified at the main node. A
series of interface, signal processing, and communication systems have been implemented in
micro power CMOS circuits. A micro power spectrum analyzer has been developed to enable
low power operation of the entire AIBSS system. Thus AIBSS require a Microwatt of power.
But it is very cheaper when compared to other security systems such as RADAR under use. It
is even used for short distance communication less than 100 Km. It produces a less amount of
delay. Hence it is reasonably faster. On a global scale, AIBS will permit monitoring of land,
water, and air resources for environmental monitoring. On a national scale, transportation
systems, and borders will be monitored for efficiency, safety, and security.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Table of Content iv
List of Figures x
List of Tables xiii
Chapter 1: Ultrasonic 2-11
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Fundamental Ultrasonic Property 3
1.2.1 Speed of Sound in Air as Function of Temperature 3
1.2.2 Wavelength and Temperature 4
1.2.3 Reflection 4
1.2.4 Effect of Temperature 5
1.3 Working Principle 5
1.4 Transducer 6
1.5 Detector 7
1.6 features 7
1.7 Product Specification and limitation 7
1.8 Hardware Interface 7
1.9 Application 8
1.9.1 Use in Medicine 8
1.9.2 Use in Industry 8
1.10 Environmental Test 11
Chapter 2: PIR Sensor 12-24
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 How PIRs Work 14
2.3 Lense 16
2.4 Connecting to a PIR 18
2.5 Testing of PIR 20
2.6 Retriggering 21
2.7 Changing Sensitivity 22

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2.8 Hardware Interface 22
2.9 Application 23
Chapter 3: Pressure Sensor 24-25
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Sensor Mechanical Data 24
3.3 Exploded View 25
3.4 Device Characteristics 25
3.5 Application 25
Chapter 4: Servo Motor 26-34
4.1 Introduction 26
4.2 Principle of Operation 27
4.3 Types of Servo Motor 28
4.3.1 DC Servo Motor 28
4.3.1.1 Working Principle of DC Servo Motor 29
4.3.2 AC Servo Motor 31
4.3.2.1 Types of AC Servo Motor 31
4.3.2.1.1 Synchronous Type Servo Motor 31
4.3.2.1.2 Induction Type Servo Motor 32
4.3.3 Working Principle of AC Servo Motor 33
4.4 Specifications 33
4.5 Servomotors Connecting System 34
4.5.1 Power Cable Motion Connect 34
4.5.2 Encoder Cables 34
4.6 Application 34
Chapter 5: Electric fencing 35-44
5.1 Introduction 35
5.2 Temporary of Permanent 35
5.3 Energisers 36
5.4 Batteries 38
5.5 Insulators and Switches 38
5.6 Encounterin 39
5.7 Application 40
5.7.1 Agriculture 40
5.7.2 Security 41

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5.7.2.1 Nonlethal Fence 41
5.7.2.2 Stun lethal Fence 42
5.7.2.3 Lethal Fence 43
5.7.2.4 Laser Fencing 43
5.7.2.5 Application 44
Chapter 6: Bidirectional Counter 45-51
6.1 Introduction 45
6.2 Motivation 45
6.3 Basic Block Diagram 46
6.4 Block Diagram Description 46
6.5 Power Supply 46
6.6 IR Sensor 47
6.7 Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller (Atmega 328P) 47
6.8 LCD Display 47
6.9 Schematic Diagram 48
6.10 Description 49
6.11 Working 49
6.12 List of Component 50
6.13 IR Sensor 50
6.13.1 Features 50
6.14 Advantages 51
6.15 Disadvantages 51
6.16 Application 51
6.17 Future Expansion 51
Chapter 7: Controllers 53-76
7.1 ATmega 328 53
7.1.1 Introduction 54
7.1.2 Elements of Assembly Language 55
7.1.3 Specification 55
7.1.4 Features 56
7.1.5 Processor Architecture 56
7.1.5.1 ALU 56
7.1.5.2 Insystem Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory 57
7.1.5.3 EEPROM Data Memory 57

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7.1.5.4 Program Counter 58
7.1.5.5 RAM 58
7.1.5.6 Instruction Execution Section (IES) 58
7.1.5.7 Input/output Ports 58
7.1.5.8 Analog Comparator A/D Converters 59
7.1.6 Pin Diagram & Description 59
7.1.7 Key Parameters 61
7.1.8 Serial Mode Programming 61
7.1.9 Programming 62
7.1.10 Application 62
7.1.11 Advantages 63
7.1.12 Disadvantages 63
7.2 GSM 64
7.2.1 Application Device 65
7.2.2 Features 65
7.2.2.1 General Characteristics 65
7.2.2.2 GSM/GPRS: Phase2+Compliance 65
7.2.2.3 Support SIM Interface 66
7.2.2.4 Hardware Output 66
7.2.2.5 Software Interface 67
7.2.2.6 Voice/Data Service 67
7.2.3 Supplementary Service 68
7.2.4 RF Functionality 68
7.2.4.1 Maximum Tx Power 68
7.2.4.2 Sensitivity 69
7.2.4.3 Radio Frequency 69
7.2.5 Hardware Description 70
7.2.5.1 Interface 70
7.2.6 Functional Diagram 71
7.2.7 Pin Diagram 71
7.2.8 UART/RS232 72
7.2.9 LED Driver 73
7.2.10 SIM Function 74
7.2.11 Connecting GSM Module to Aurduino 74

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7.2.12 Application of GSM/GPRS Module 76
Chapter 8: Designing and Testing 77-86
8.1.1 Designing 77
8.1.2 What is PCB Board Design? 78
8.1.3 Flow Chart For Steps of PCB Design 78
8.1.3.1 Processing 79
8.1.3.2 Etching 79
8.1.3.3 Drilling 81
8.1.3.4 Component Placement 81
8.1.3.5 Soldering 81
8.1.3.6 Masking 82
8.1.4 PCB Layout 83
8.2.1 Testing 84
8.2.2 Software 85
8.2.3 Working of Aurduino 85
Chapter 9: Functional Component 87-96
9.1 Voltage Regulator 87
9.1.1 Introduction 87
9.1.2 3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulators 88
9.1.3 Pin Architecture 88
9.1.4 Internal Block Diagram 89
9.1.5 Features 89
9.2 LCD 90
9.2.1 Introduction 90
9.2.2 Features 90
9.2.3 LCD Interface 90
9.3 Diode Bridge 91
9.3.1 Introduction 91
9.3.2 Basic Operation 92
9.3.3 Rectifier 92
9.4 Crystal Oscillator 93
9.4.1 Introduction 93
9.4.2 Crystal Oscillator of Different Frequency with Uses 95
9.4.3 Crystal Oscillator Uses in Microcontroller 95

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9.4.4 Application 96
Chapter 10: Accessories 97-99
10.1 Adapters 97
10.2 DIP Base 98
10.3 Power Jack 98
10.4 Switches 98
10.5 Connectors 99
10.6 DC Connectors 99
Chapter 11: Concluding Chapter 100-120
11.1 Advantages 100
11.2 Disadvantages 100
11.3 Result 101
11.4 Applications 101
11.5 Conclusion 101
11.6 Future Aspect 102
11.7 Annexure 1 (Cost Report) 103
Annexure 2 (Programming) 104
11.8 References 120

10. x
List of Figures
Sr. No. Name of Figure Page No.
Fig.0 Block Diagram of AIBSS………………………………………………....1
Fig.1.1 Ultrasonic Sensor top and bottom view…………………………………....2
Fig.1.2 Characteristics between sound and temperature…………………………...4
Fig.1.3 Working Mechanism of Ultrasonic sensor…………………………………6
Fig.1.4 Hardware interface with Arduino……………………………………….....7
Fig.1.5 Uses in Automobiles……………………………………………………….9
Fig.1.6 Graphical representation of ultrasonic waves………………………………10
Fig.2.1 PIR Sensor………………………………………………………………....12
Fig.2.2 Fresnel lence of PIR sensor………………………………………………..13
Fig.2.3 Old Architecture of PIR sensor…………………………………………....13
Fig.2.4 Modern Architecture of PIR sensor…………………………….…...........14
Fig.2.5 Representation of output signal……………………………………………15
Fig.2.6 Pyroelectric sensor………………………………………………………...15
Fig.2.7 Element window of JFET……………………………………………...….16
Fig.2.8 Internal schematic diagram of BIS0001…………………………………..16
Fig.2.9 Incident radian on plano convex lenses…………………………………...17
Fig.2.10 Plano Convex lenses………………………………………………………17
Fig.2.11 Circuit description of PIR sensor………………………………………....18
Fig.2.12 Macro shots of celling and wall mount…………………………………...18
Fig.2.13 Connection of PIR sensor…………………………………………………19
Fig.2.14 Wire connection of PIR sensor……………………………………………19
Fig.2.15 Testing of PIR Sensors…………………………………………………...20
Fig.2.16 Retriggering circuit……………………………………………………….21
Fig.2.17 Retriggering wave form of PIR Sensor……………………………….......21

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Fig.2.18 Sensitivity Changer……………………………………………………..22
Fig.2.19 Hardware Interface……………………………………………………..23
Fig.3.1 Pressure Sensor…………………………………….…………………...24
Fig.3.2 Exploded view………………………………………………………….25
Fig.4.1 Block diagram of servo motor………………………………………….26
Fig4.2 Servo motor…………………………………………………………….26
Fig.4.3 Characteristics between angle and time………………………………..28
Fig4.4 Internal architecture of servo motor…………………………………....29
Fig.4.5 Working diagram of servo motor……………………………………....30
Fig.4.6 Internal component……………………………………………………..31
Fig.4.7 Synchronous type AC servo motor……………………………............32
Fig.4.8 Induction type AC servo motor………………………………………..32
Fig.5.1 Insulator and switches…………………………………………………39
Fig.5.2 Temporary electric fence……………………………………………....41
Fig.5.3 Multizone security electric fence……………………………………...42
Fig.5.4 Lathal fencing………………………………………………………....43
Fig.5.5 Laser fencing on the Indian border……………………………………44
Fig.6.1 Block diagram of bidirectional counter……………………………….46
Fig.6.2 IR sensor module………………………………………………………47
Fig.6.3 LCD…………………………………………………………………...48
Fig 6.4 Schematic diagram of bidirectional counter…………………………..48
Fig.6.5 IR sensor………………………………………………………………50
Fig.7.1 Atmega 328 controller………………………………………………...54
Fig.7.2 Conversion of programming language………………………………..55
Fig.7.3 General Architecture of ALU…………………………………….......56
Fig.7.4 Internal architecture of Atmega 328…………………………………..57
Fig.7.5 Pin description of Atmega 328………………………………………..59

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Fig.7.6 GSM Module………………………………………………………….64
Fig.7.7 Block diagram of GSM……………………………………………….71
Fig.7.8 Hardware interface of GSM Atmega 328…………………………….75
Fig. 8.1 PCB Board……………………………………………………………77
Fig.8.2 Etching process of PCB………………………………………………80
Fig.8.3 Soldering of component………………………………………………82
Fig.8.4 PCB layout of Project (top view)……………………………………..83
Fig.8.5 PCB layout of Project (bottom view)…………………………………83
Fig.8.6 Arduino board burner…………………………………………………84
Fig.8.7 Arduino Application…………………………………………………..86
Fig.9.1 Power regulated IC………………………………….………………..87
Fig9.2 Pin diagram of IC 7805……………………………………………....89
Fig.9.3 Internal block diagram of IC 7805………………………………….89
Fig.9.4 LCD Diagram………………………………………………………...91
Fig.9.5 Diode Bridge…………...…………………………………………….91
Fig.9.6 Operational Diagram of Diode…………………….………………...92
Fig.9.7 Output Characteristics of HWR…. ………………………………….93
Fig.9.8 Output Characteristics of FWR ……………………………………...93
Fig.9.9 Symbol of Crystal Oscillator………..……………………………….94
Fig.10.1 Adapter Module…………..……………….……………………….....97
Fig.10.2 Architecture of DIP Base…………...……………………………..….97
Fig.10.3 Symbol of Power Jack…………………………….………………...98
Fig.10.4 Different Switches Symbol….…. ………………………………….98
Fig.10.5 Module Connectors………… ……………………………………...99
Fig.10.6 Symbol of DC Connectors………………………………………....101
Fig.11.1 Final Project Layput………………………...…………………..….101

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List of Tables
Sr. No. Name of table Page No.
Table 1 Product Specification 7
Table 2 List of Application 10
Table 3 Environmental test List 11
Table 4 Device characteristics 25
Table 5 Working Condition List 36
Table 6 Key Parameter 61
Table 7 Serial Mode Programming 61
Table 8 Parallel Mode Programming 62
Table 9 General Characteristics of GSM 63
Table 10 Hardware Function Description 66
Table 11 Software Description 67
Table 12 Voice/Data Description 67
Table 13 Supplementary Services 68
Table 14 Band Description 68
Table 15 Sensitivity Mode 69
Table 16 Radio Frequency Ranges 69
Table 17 Pin Description 70
Table 18 All Pins Description of GSM 71
Table 19 UART Pins 73
Table 20 SIM Functions 74

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Table 21 Characteristics of Etching 80
Table 22 List of Frequencies 95
Table 23 Cost Estimation Report of Project 103