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2. Introduction to Robotics :
 Robotics is the study of the design,
construction and use of robots.
 These technology represent a practical
application of Physics, Computer Science,
Engineering and Mathematics .
 It provides a variety of Engineering Concepts.
 Every Automated systems can be stated as a
Robot.

3. History

4. Why do we need a Robot :
 To perform a Job accurately and efficiently.
 To perform a job safely.
 To achieve High Throughput (Work done per Unit time).
 To avoid mistakes.
 To perform a job continuously without getting tired.
 A robot never says “No, I’ll not do this job because it is
not interesting”.
 Actually, there are endless reasons for using Robots.

5. What is Robot :
"A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator
designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized
devices through various programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of tasks“.
An automatic device that performs functions
normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form
of a human.

6. So let’s start doing Robotics by
INVENTING THE TECHNOLOGY WE DESIRE !!!

7. How to Plan a Robot :
 It depends upon the requirements.
 We have to fix the environment for the Robot.
 For example, if we want a robot who will make coffee
than the materials required for that are known to Robot.
So that the Robot can take materials from there to
complete the Process. But if we are unable to do that
than we have to develop a robot, having the capabilities
for identifying the Objects.

8. How to understand the Logic of Robot :
 Let’s take an example of such a robot who will go to
market and buy vegetables. In this condition , the robot
has the capabilities of identifying the vegetables,
streets, available shortest path from the source to
destination etc.

9. Types of Robot :
 Industrial Robots :
-materials handling
-welding
-inspection
-improving productivity
-Laboratory applications
 Mobile Robots :
- Robots that move around on legs, tracks or wheels.
- In 1979 a nuclear accident in the USA caused a leak of radioactive material.
Led to production of special robot
-Teleoperator to handle the radioactive material.
 Educational Robots
 Domestic Robots

10. Current Scenario :
 A first particular new innovation in robot design is the open sourcing
of robot-projects.
 Currently, there are about 1 million industrial robots toiling around
the world, and Japan is the top country having high density of utilizing
robots in its manufacturing industry
 Certification
The Robotics Certification Standards Alliance (RCSA) is an
international robotics certification authority who confers various
industry and educational related robotics certifications.

11. Rules of Robotics (Asimov’s law of Robotics) :
 A robot may not injure a human being, or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
 A robot must obey orders given it by human beings,
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
Zeroth Law :
 No robot may harm humanity or through inaction allow
humanity to come to harm.

12. Introduction to Basic Electronic Components
Used in Robot ….

13. The following are the basic electronic components we have to
use in a Robot :
- Resistor
- Capacitor
- Diodes
- Transistors
- Motors
- Power Supply
- Sensors

14. Resistor :
Resistors are the obstacles in the path of the electrons flowing in the
wire.
We use Resistor because :
 Limiting current to another component.
 Reducing voltage in some parts of the Circuit.
 Controlling the voltage / current flowing into another component.
 Protecting the inputs of sensitive components.

15. Types of Resistor :
Variable Resistor
Light Dependent Resistor
Circuit Symbol

16. Capacitor :
 Capacitor store electrons by attracting them to Positive Voltage.
 When the voltage is reduced or removed the electrons move disappear
off.
These are used for :
 Creating Timers.
 Smoothing out voltage.
 Blocking DC Current.
 Adjust Frequency.

17. Types of Capacitor :
Electrolytic Capacitor
Ceramic Capacitor

18. Diodes :
Diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts electric
current in only one direction.
Types of Diode :
Silicon P-N Junction Diode :
Light Emitting Diode
Photo Diode
Anode Cathode

19. Transistors :
Transistors are a kind of Switches. We can control the switch using
voltage on base pin.
The transistors we are using are : P-N-P , N-P-N , Phototransistor
N-P-N Photo Transistor
+V
Infrared
Photo Transistor
+Vout
θ
Resistor
(~ 10 K)
Working of 2N2222 (NPN) Transistor IR Sensor circuit by Phototransistor

20. Motors :
Motors are used to provide the motion to machine directly.
There are four types of Motors :
DC Motor DC Geared Motor
Stepper Motor Servo Motor

21. Power Supply / Source :
 In Robotics we use 12 V and 1 A power supply generally but it can
vary up to 12 V and 5 A.
 It depends upon the Circuit Requirements.
 We can use the Voltage Regulator to increase or decrease the value of
Voltage as per the requirement.
7805 Voltage Regulator

22. Sensors :
 Sensors are the devices which are used to sense the changes that occur
in their surroundings.
Types of Sensors :

23. IR Sensor :
 There is one emitter and one detector.
 Emitter emits IR rays and the detector detects it.
 Black LED is an emitter and White LED is the Photo Diode.
 It consists three components : IR LED, Photo Diode, Op-Amp (LM358 IC).
IR LED
Photo Diode
IR
LED
Op-Amp
(LM358) Three Pin Photo
Connector Diode
Indicator
Potentiometer
LED

24. Working of Sensor :
 Black LED generating IR rays and
these rays are reflected by the surface.
(If the surface is black than it will
absorb the Light)
 The Photodiode senses the light and
indicator LED shows the result that
whether there is an object or not.
 If indicator LED is on than the result
is +ve and when it is off then the result
is -ve.

26. What is a Line Follower Robot :
 Robot which follows a Line whether it is Curvy or Straight or
Divergence.
 We are going to make a machine which will follow a black line on
white background.
 If there is any divergence or any cross points in the path of the
machine then it will stop in such case.
 These type of case will be solved by the Intelligent Line Follower.
 We are using the AVR ATMega16 Microcontroller to build this Robot.

27. Components Required :
1. Development Board – 1 No.
2. Caster Wheel – 2 No.
3. IR Sensor Kit – 2 No.
4. Battery – 6 Volt
5. Wheel Clamps – 2 No.
6. Geared Motors – 2 No.
7. Connecting Chords as required.

29. Connecting
Cord

30. Working of Line Follower
Left Sensor
Right Sensor
If left sensor detect the light surface and right sensor detect dark surface then the
robot will turn right.
Left Sensor Right Sensor
If left sensor detect the dark surface and right sensor detect light surface then the
robot will turn left.

31. Working of Simple Line Follower

32. How Line Follower Works …

33. How to Program a Robot …
Required Software :
Operating System : Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7
Tools : AVR Studio. (Current versions has AVR-GCC plug-in to write code in C)
Compiler : IAR, Image Craft , Code Vision AVR, Win AVR
Loader : AVR Loader by Robosapiens India
Required Hardware :
 USB Programmer
 Connecting Cord

34. Write your program here

36. 1. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Antenna
2. Inertial Navigation System/GPS
3. Ku-Band Satellite Communications Antenna
4. Video Cassette Recorder
5. GPS Antennas (Left and Right)
6. APX-100 Identification Friend or Foe Transponder
7. Ku-Band Satellite Communications Sensor Processor Modem Assembly
8. C-Band Upper Omni directional Antenna Bracket
9. Forward Fuel Cell Assembly
10. Aft Fuel Cell Assembly
11. Accessory Bay
12. Engine Cooling Fan
13. Oil Cooler/Radiator
14. 914F Engine
15. Tail Servo (Left and Right)
16. Battery Assembly #2
17. Power Supply
18. Battery Assembly #1
19. Aft Equipment Bay Tray
20. Secondary Control Module
21. Synthetic Aperture Radar Processor/AGM-114 Electronics Assembly
22. Primary Control Module
23. Front Bay Avionics Tray
24. ARC-210 Receiver/Transmitter
25. Flight Sensor Unit
26. Video Encoder
27. De-ice Controller
28. Electro-Optical/Infrared Sensor/AN/AAS-52(V)1 Electronics Assembly
29. Front Bay Payload Tray
30. Ice Detector
31. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Receiver/Transmitter
32. Nose Camera Assembly