• What is Ultrasound imaging?
• Why Ultrasound?
• Common Uses
• History
• Properties of Ultrasound
• Equipment types
• How does the procedure work?
• Physics
• Benefits and Risks etc.
• What is Ultrasound imaging?
• Why Ultrasound?
• Common Uses
• History
• Properties of Ultrasound
• Equipment types
• How does the procedure work?
• Physics
• Benefits and Risks etc.
Training Material inherited form Philips Basics of Ultrasonography. Covers the fundamentals of Ultrasound Waveform, Piezoelectric Effect, Phased Echo Concept, Goal of Ultrasound, Ultrasound Image Construction process, Types of Resolution, Probe Internals, The Doppler Effect, Spectrum Waveform and concept, Color Doppler, Components of Ultrasound.
Computed Tomography and Spiral Computed Tomography JAMES JACKY
1. Computed Tomography / Spiral Computed Tomography
2. Clinical and Principle Operation of Computed Tomography
3. Law and Regulation in Malaysia
4. Radiation Dose
Training Material inherited form Philips Basics of Ultrasonography. Covers the fundamentals of Ultrasound Waveform, Piezoelectric Effect, Phased Echo Concept, Goal of Ultrasound, Ultrasound Image Construction process, Types of Resolution, Probe Internals, The Doppler Effect, Spectrum Waveform and concept, Color Doppler, Components of Ultrasound.
Computed Tomography and Spiral Computed Tomography JAMES JACKY
1. Computed Tomography / Spiral Computed Tomography
2. Clinical and Principle Operation of Computed Tomography
3. Law and Regulation in Malaysia
4. Radiation Dose
Industrial Applications of Ultrasound - class 9 - physics (sound)Christ University
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
7. Pulse-echo principle
D
2t
t
transducer
target
Delay time, T = 2t
Delay time, T = 2t
D=(v)(t)
D=(v)(t)
D = vT/2
D = vT/2
8.
9.
10. Ultrasound Transducers
Can be used both to transmit & receive ultrasound
Coaxial cable
Transducer housing
Acoustic absorber
Backing block
Electrodes
Piezoelectric crystal
Matching layer
12. Acoustic pulse production
A medical transducer produces a “characteristic”
frequency.
For each electrical impulse, a pulse “train” that
consists of N sinusiodal cycles is produced.
The “Q” of a transducer is a measure of the
number of cycles in a pulse train.
14. Ultrasound definition
Infrasound < 15 Hz
15 < Sound < 20 kHz
Ultrasound> 20kHz
2 MHz < Medical ultrasound<20 MHz
Internal local use about 50 MHz
15. Velocity of Sound
Velocity of sound is an important parameter
Two material qualities decide the velocity
– bulk modulus, B and density, ρ
Bulk modulus (compressibility) is defined as
– ratio of increase in pressure to a change in volume
– units are N/m2
» Air, B = 1.5×105 N m-2, ρ = 1.27 kg m-3
v = 345 m s-1 ( at room temperature & pressure)
» Water, B = 2.05×109 N m-2, ρ = 1×103 kg m-3
v = 1432 m s-1 ( at room temperature & pressure)
16. Ultrasound propagation properties
Velocity of sound in “soft tissue” is
nearly constant = 1500 m/sec.
Velocity of sound in bone and air
differ greatly from soft tissue.
Velocity = Frequency x Wavelength
“Ultra”sound implies f > 1 MHz
Wavelength = Velocity/Frequency
Wavelength < 1.5 mm
17. Speed of sound in different materials
dry Perspex
air gelatine (10%)
tooth brass steel
natural rubber
bone glass
lung gall stone
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
speed of sound (ms-1)
skin
muscle
brain
saline
water blood eye lens tendon
fat
18. Sound Intensity & Attenuation
Intensity of a wave:
– Energy per unit time per unit area
» Units: Wm-2; Symbol: I
Sound is scattered & absorbed by matter
– Reduction in intensity called attenuation
– change in intensity ∝ distance × intensity
≈ µ = attenuation constant, dependent on material
∆I = −µI∆x
19. Attenuation of Sound
− µx
Io
Integrating gives:
Io is the original intensity I = I oe
gµ
Intensity
a sin
re
D ec
D istance
20. Attenuation Coefficient
Attenuation of sound is usually expressed as decibel (dB)
Change in decibels (dB) is defined as: 10 log10 ⎛ I ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Io ⎠
I = e − µx
Io
log(I/Io) = -µx * log(e)
10* log(I/Io) = -µx * 10 * log(e) = -µx *4.343
Attenuation coeff. in dB/m (α) = 4.343 µ (m-1)
21. Attenuation against Frequency
1000
Attenuation Coefficient (dBm-1)
ng
air
100 lu
skin
tis
en
tes n
bi
le
sp
10 l o
og
m
ae
r
H
te
wa
1.
0
0.
1 1.0 10 100 1000
Frequency (MHz)
22. Safety Issues
High intensity ultrasound causes heating
Could damage body tissues
– Diagnostic ultrasound always used at low
intensities
100
Intensity (W/cm2)
10
“Potentially harmful zone”
1 “Safe zone”
0.1
Diagnostic Ultrasound levels
0.01 Exposure time (seconds)
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time of exposure (s)
24. Scattering of Ultrasound
Attenuation made up from:
absorption (heating)
scattering
depends on relative size of particle (a) wavelength (λ)
Scale of Frequency Scattering Examples
Interaction Dependence Strength
a >> λ f 0=1 (no Diaphragm, large
geometrical dependence) Strong vessels, soft
region tissue/bone, cysts
a~λ Predominates for
Stochastic variable Moderate most structures
region
a << λ f4 Weak Blood
25. Reflection
Z1 = ρ1v1 Z2 = ρ2v2
1
T =1-R
R
Z = acoustic impedance
Z=ρv
2
R = [(Z1-Z2)/(Z1+Z2)]
26. Acoustic Impedances
Material Impedance, Z
(kg m-2 s-1)
Air 0.0004 × 106
Blood 1.61× 106
Brain 1.58× 106
Fat 1.38× 106
Human soft tissue 1.63× 106
Kidney 1.62× 106
Liver 1.65× 106
Muscle 1.70× 106
Skull Bone 7.80× 106
Water 1.48× 106
29. Ultrasound reflection properties
Acoustic energy is reflected at interfaces between
tissues with differing acoustic impedances (Z).
Acoustic impedance = product of velocity of
sound (v) and physical density (ρ).
The unit of acoustic impedance is the “Rayl.”
Strength of acoustic reflection increases as
difference in Z increases.
For soft-tissue/air, soft-tissue/bone and bone/air
interfaces, almost total reflection occurs.
30. Transmission
velocity = v decreased velocity
Frequency is unchanged during propagation.
Therefore, wavelength must change as velocity of medium changes.
32. Refraction
reflected
refracted
incident
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
Refracted wave changes direction.
33. Geometrical region (a>>λ)
Sound reflected & refracted like light
laws of reflection
& refraction hold
θi θ
θi = θ r
r
sound velocity = v1
sound velocity = v2 sin θi v 1
=
θt sin θr v 2
35. Doppler Ultrasound
Waves reflected off moving surfaces have changed
frequency
– fractional change ∝ velocity
» vsurface= velocity of surface
» v = velocity of sound
» fs = frequency of source
» ∆f = change in frequency
Measuring frequency of returned signal gives
velocity
36. Doppler effect
Moving source of sound changes perceived
wavelength (frequency).
Shift in frequency is termed “Doppler shift.”
Change in frequency = 2f(S/v)cosθ.
– f = frequency
– S = source velocity
– v = velocity of sound
– θ = angle between “view” direction and
direction of motion.
37. Doppler Ultrasound
Used to monitor heartbeats, blood flow, etc.
Can produce images showing motion
– i.e. Imaging beating heart
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Pulse-echo principle
A short pulse is send out, and the time for the
return pulses is measured
– called A-scan
transmitter/ Original pulse
Echoes
receiver
Amplitude
A B C
A
B
Time ( depth )
C
43. Depth (axial) resolution
2d
transducer
tw
d
To resolve distance, d,
To resolve distance, d,
vtw<2d
vtw<2d
44. Frequency and Resolution (axial resolution)
This is for linear array transducers with parallel beams
MHz Axial resolution Lateral resolution Wave length (mm)
3.0 1.1 mm 2.8 mm 0.5
4.0 0.8 mm 1.5 mm 0.375
5.0 0.6 mm 1.2 mm 0.3
7.5 0.4 mm 1.0 mm 0.2
10.0 0.3 mm 1.0 mm 0.15
For harmonic imaging the input frequency doubles the output frequency
(it works just for low frequencies)
45. Axial resolution
“Axial” resolution is defined as the ability to
distinguish between two objects along the axis of
the sound beam.
For a given frequency, axial resolution improves
as Q decreases.
For a given Q, axial resolution improves with
increasing transducer frequency.
49. Time-gain compensation
transducer
target
Attenuation of soundwave (dB)
Attenuation of soundwave (dB)
is approximatley proportional to
is approximatley proportional to
distance (delay time).
distance (delay time).
54. Multi-element Transducers
Ultrasound focused
– time of arrival of pulse at each transducer gives
direction. Called a B-scan
Electrical pulse
variable D D D D D D D D D
delays 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
transducer
array
Focused Wavefront
55.
56.
57. Two Dimensional Imaging
Using multi-element array, 2-D image can be
constructed - called B mode imaging
X
B mode
imaging system
X Y
Transducer
array
Y Computer display
65. Ultrasound and contrast
Contrast agent
A material which, when introduced into blood or tissue, causes one
or more its acoustic properties to change significantly. The most
common of these properties is backscatter coefficient. Intravascular
contrast agents usually comprise microbubbles which increase the
blood echo level and can hence enhance the detectability of blood
flow. Microbubble contrast agents emits harmonics and can be
disrupted by ultrasound, both of which phenomena form the basis of
nonlinear imaging.
82. Doppler Ultrasound
Waves reflected off moving surfaces have changed
frequency
– fractional change ∝ velocity
» vsurface= velocity of surface
» v = velocity of sound
» fs = frequency of source
» ∆f = change in frequency
Measuring frequency of returned signal gives
velocity
83. Doppler effect
Moving source of sound changes perceived
wavelength (frequency).
Shift in frequency is termed “Doppler shift.”
Change in frequency = 2f(S/v)cosθ.
– f = frequency
– S = source velocity
– v = velocity of sound
− θ = angle between “view” direction and
direction of motion.