The document discusses different types of maglev transportation technologies, including electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS). It covers the basic mechanics of levitation, propulsion, and guidance for both types. Key advantages of maglev trains are discussed, such as very high speeds and low maintenance requirements compared to conventional trains. Existing and proposed maglev systems around the world are also summarized.

1. GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:
Ms.R.MAHESWARI GOPIKA.K

2. INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY AND TYPES
MERITS AND DEMERITS
PROPULSION
LEVITATION
STABILITY
GUIDANCE
EVACUATED TUBES
POWER AND ENERGY
COMPARISON WITH AIRCRAFT AND CONVENTIONAL
TRAINS
ECONOMICS
EXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
REFERENCE

3. Maglev is the system of transportation that uses
magnetic levitation to suspend ,guide and propel the
vehicles using magnets.
First described by Robert Goddard, American Rocket
Scientist, 1909 Scientific American.
Later in 1937 & 1941 a series of German patents for
maglev trains propelled by linear motors awarded to
Hermann Kemper .
In the 1960s in Britain Eric Laithwaite developed a
functional maglev train.

4. Uses monorail track with linear motor
Uses magnets to reach a really high velocity
Floats about 1-10cm above the guideway on a magnetic
field.
Propelled by the guideway
Once the train is pulled into the next section the
magnetism switches so that the train is pulled on again.
 The Electro-magnets run the length of the guideway.

5. There are 2 notable types of maglev technology:-
•Electromagnetic suspension(EMS)
•Electrodynamic suspension(EDS)

6. Electromagnets attached to the train
Has ferromagnetic stators on the track
and levitate the train.
Has guidance magnets on the sides
A computer changes the amount of
current to keep the train 1 cm from the
track.
Max speed -438km/hr
Has on-board battery power supply.

7. Supercooled superconducting magnets under
the train.Levitate about 10 cm.
The field in the train due to superconducting
magnets(JR-Maglev) or an array of permanent
magnets(Inductrack).
The force in the track is created by induced
magnetic field in wires or conducting strips in
the track.
Naturally stable.requires no feedback.
Requires retractable wheels at low speed , max speed – 522km/hr

8. TECHNOL MERITS DEMERITS
OGY
EMS •Magnetic fields inside & outside the •Constant monitoring correction
vehicle are less than EDS. of separation between vehicle &
•No wheels or secondary propulsion guideway using computer
required systems essential.
•Can attain very high •Due to inherent instability and
speed.(500km/hr). corrections ,vibration issues may
occur.
EDS •Onboard magnets and large •Strong magnetic field makes the
separation enable highest recorded train inaccessible to passengers
speeds(581km/hr) and heavy load with pacemakers or storage
capacity. media like hard drives and credit
•Naturally stable and hence no cards.
feedback control required. •Vehicle must be wheeled for
low speed travel.

9. TECHNOLOGY MERITS DEMERITS
INDUCTRACK •Failsafe suspension-No power •Requires wheels
required to activate magnets. when the vehicle is
SYSTEM •Can generate enough force at stopped
(PERMANENT low speeds to levitate the train. •New technology ,
•The train can slow down on its still under
MAGNET EDS) own in case of power failures. development , no
•The array of permanent commercial version
magnets are cost effective than or full scale system
electromagnets. prototype

10.  EMS(Linimo) systems provide levitation & propulsion
using onboard linear motor.
 EDS system and Transrapid systems levitate using
onboard magnets & use propulsion coils for propulsion .
Cost of propulsion coils increase over long distances.

11. In EDS , levitation coils levitate the train 10cm above the
track. Levitates when speed reaches 100km/hr
In EMS , stator & support magnet levitate the train 1cm
above the track. Levitates even when train is not moving.

12. EMS system rely on active electronic stabilisation..
All EDS systems are moving systems.
Since these vehicles fly,stabilisation of pitch , roll and
sway is required
In addition to rotation , surge , sway and or heave
can be problematic.

13. Some systems use Null Current system
In EDS when the vehicle is in straight line , no current flows ,
When it moves off the line this creates changing flux ,generating a
field that pushes and pulls it back to the line.
Some systems use coils that try to remain in the null flux point
between repulsive magnets and reduces eddy current losses.

14. Some systems use the use of vactrains-maglev train
technology used in evacuated tubes , which removes
the air drag.
This increases the speed and efficiency greatly .
But the passengers may suffer from the risk of
cabin depressurization in the event of a train
malfunction.
Hence require tunnel monitoring system for
repressurization

15. Energy for maglev trains used to accelerate the train.
Also used to make the train levitate and to stabilise the
movement.
Main part of the energy used to overcome the air drag.
For very short distances the energy for accelerating is
considerable.
But the power used to overcome the air drag increases with
cube of velocity and hence dominates at high speed.

16. FEATURE MAGLEV TRAIN CONVENTIONAL
TRAIN
Speed Allow higher top Speed is limited by
speeds since they the use of wheels
don’t rely on for propulsion.
wheels for
propulsion.

17. Maintenance Require insignificant Rail is subjected to wear &
guideway maintenance. tear due to friction
Their electronic vehicle ,increases exponentially
maintenance is minimal with speed.
Hence more reliable This increases running cost.
All weather Unaffected by snow , May encounter problems
operation severe cold , rain or due to degradation of
high winds. guideway caused by
Can accelerate & weather conditions.
decelate regardless of
slickness of guideway
Efficiency No rolling resistance Efficiency is affected by
due to lack of contact rolling resistance due to the
between track & contact with the track.
vehicle.
This improves power
efficiency.

18. Weight Weight of magnets in Does not use magnets
many EMS and EDS is
a serious issue.
Noise Major source of noise Though they produce
is displaced air. more loudness , they
But they are found to are less annoying than
more annoying at maglev noise , hence
lower loudness have a 5-10 dB bonus
Design Comparisons Maglev design Design includes
eliminates the need braking and overhead
for braking and wires causing wear
overhead wires
Control systems Requires no signalling Has a human operator
systems since the to slow down or stop
speed is computer the train in time.
control

19. Many maglevs have lift-to-drag ratio that exceed that of
aircraft.
But jet transport aircraft take advantage of low air density
at high altitudes to reduce drag during cruise.
Airlines cannot come close to the reliability or
performance of maglev trains in all weather conditions.
Maglev fares are less susceptible to the volatile price
swings in oil markets.
Has significant safety margin as they are designed not to
crash into other.

20. The initial investment is similar to other high speed
rail roads. (Maglift is $20-$40 million per mile and I-279
in Pittsburg cost $37 million per mile 17 years ago.)
Operating expenses are half of that of other railroads.
A train is composed of sections that each contain 100
seats, and a train can have between 2 and 10 sections.
The linear generators produce electricity for the cabin
of the train.

21. TESTING TRACKS
120 m test track of General Atomics at San Diego , USA.
Tranrapid , a German maglev company has test track at Emsland ,
Germany of length 31.5km.
JR-Maglev , Japan has a test track that can reach a speed of
581km/hr.

22. IMPORTANT OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS
Linimo , Japan – commercially automated urban maglev
system commenced on March 2005.
Shangai maglev train , China – EMS high speed system
started operation on April 2004.
HML 03 – The first EMS maglev opened to public at
Daejeon South Korea in 1993.

23. UNDER CONSTRUCTION
AMT Test Track – Powder Springs, Georgia
Applied levitation test track – California.
Beiging S1 line.
PROPOSED PLANS
Penang-Kuala Lampur-Singapore line -Malaysia
Melbourne Maglev Proposal
Mumbai – Delhi
Kochi metro

24. They consume less energy.
Require no engine.
Move faster than normal trains because they are not affected by
ground friction; their rights-of-way, meanwhile, cost about the
same to build.
 Incompatible with existing rail lines, unlike traditional high-
speed rail.
Initial cost is very high.

25. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, VOL. 19, NO. 3, page 2142
JUNE 2009". Ieeexplore.ieee.org. 17 July 2009 Retrieved 29 September 2011.
"Characteristics of electromagnetic force of EMS-type maglev vehicle using
bulk superconductors". Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on 36 (5): 3683–3685.
Heller, Arnie (June 1998). "A New Approach for Magnetically Levitating
Trains—and Rockets". Science & Technology Review.
Hood, Christopher P. (2006). Shinkansen – From Bullet Train to Symbol of
Modern Japan. Routledge.
Science journal.’Maglev train’ April 19, 2010,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/maglev-train.htm