Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life and come in three main structures: straight chains, branched chains, and rings. The four main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose that can link together to form polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Lipids include fats, oils, and other nonpolar molecules that serve functions like energy storage. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that carry out important roles such as structure, movement, and catalysis. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides and store and use genetic information.

1. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain ring

3. Macromolecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are referred to as macromolecules because of their large size. Polymers are made up of monomers .

4. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. Monomers are the individual subunits. Polymers are made of many monomers.

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

7. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Classification: Monosaccharides simple sugars Hexose- glucose, fructose, galactose Pentose – ribose and deoxyribose

8. Disaccharides Two monosaccharides chemically bonded together by dehydration synthesis Maltose, sucrose, lactose Polysaccharides - polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis - starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

10. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer

12. Why is cellulose nondigestible in humans?

13. Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains. Fats and Oils (Triglycerides) Contain glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol - Contains three OH - groups. Triglycerides - Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule. Fats and oil. Fatty acid consists of long hydrocarbon chain.

14. Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride

16. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids

17. Types of Fats and Fatty Acids

18. Coronary Arteries and Plaque

19. Phospholipids Polar phosphate “head” (hydrophilic) Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” (hydrophobic) Phospholipid

20. Phospholipids

21. Lipids Steroids Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings. Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen Waxes Long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chain alcohol. High melting point Waterproof Resistant to degradation

23. Lipids have several different functions. Long-term energy energy storage compound broken down as a source of energy make up cell membranes used to make hormones

24. Proteins Functions Support Enzymes Transport Defense Hormones Motion

25. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

26. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

27. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

29. Proteins Protein Structure Primary - Sequence of amino acids. Secondary - Polypeptide coils or folds in a particular fashion. Tertiary - Folding and twisting that results in final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. Quaternary - Consists of more than one polypeptide.

33. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin

34. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID RIBONUCLEIC ACID

35. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

36. DNA stores genetic information. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. RNA builds proteins. DNA RNA

37. DNA Complementary base-pairing