The document provides an overview of key biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of monomers, polymers, and larger molecules formed from these basic units. Key points covered include the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; fatty acid and triglyceride structures; levels of protein structure from primary to quaternary; and DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis processes.

1. Biological Molecules Biology Department

7. Condensation reaction OH OH O C C C C C C O C C C C C C

8. Condensation reaction O H OH O C C C C C C O C C C C C C

9. Condensation reaction O H 2 O O C C C C C C O C C C C C C

10. Condensation reaction O A disaccharide 1,4 glycosidic bond 4 1 O C C C C C C O C C C C C C

18. H H C O O H C C C C H A polyunsaturated fatty acid C O O H C H H C H A monounsaturated fatty acid H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H

19. Esterification Glycerol Fatty acid H C H C C H H H H O O O C O O H C H H C H H C H H C H H

20. Esterification Glycerol Fatty acid H C H C C H H H H O O O C O O H C H H C H H C H H C H H

21. Esterification H C H C C H H H H O O O C O O H Glycerol Fatty acid H C H H C H H C H H C H

22. Esterification H C H C C H H H H O O O C O O H Ester bond water H C H H C H H C H H C H

27. Peptide bonding H C H N C H H O O R H C H N C H H O O R

28. Peptide bonding H C H N C H H O O R H C H N C H H O O R

29. Peptide bonding H C H N C H H O O R H C H N C H H O O R

30. Peptide bonding C H N C H H O R H C H N C H O O R water Peptide bond A condensation reaction H O H

31. Peptide bonding H C H N C H O O R A dipeptide C H N C H H O R

33. Secondary structure  -helix  -pleated sheet

41. DNA structure nucleotide Condensation polymerisation of the deoxyribose nucleotides

46. Transcription