This document discusses monetary policy and money supply in Thailand. It provides statistics on money supply levels as of February 2020. It outlines different measures and components of money supply, including M1, M2 and M3 aggregates. M1 includes cash and checking deposits, while M2 adds other savings deposits and M3 incorporates all bank deposits including time deposits. The document also discusses the evolution of money throughout history from barter systems to various coin, paper and digital forms of currency used today.
Monetary Economics-Quantity Theory of MoneySaradha Shyam
The document discusses the quantity theory of money, which attempts to explain changes in the value of money and price levels based on changes in the money supply. It introduces the demand for money, which depends on factors like income, interest rates, and transaction needs. The quantity theory is explained using Fisher's equation of exchange, which states that the total money supply (money in circulation multiplied by its velocity) equals the total value of goods and services traded (total goods multiplied by the price level). The theory argues that if velocity and output are stable, then changes in the money supply will directly impact price levels. The document notes criticisms of the quantity theory's assumptions and limitations.
1) Statement to Quantity Theory of Money
2) Graph illustration and Pictorial description of QTM
3) Different Approaches to QTM
4) Fisher's Transaction Approach Description
5) Assumptions of Fisher's Transaction Approach
6) Conclusion
Monetary Economics-Quantity Theory of MoneySaradha Shyam
The document discusses the quantity theory of money, which attempts to explain changes in the value of money and price levels based on changes in the money supply. It introduces the demand for money, which depends on factors like income, interest rates, and transaction needs. The quantity theory is explained using Fisher's equation of exchange, which states that the total money supply (money in circulation multiplied by its velocity) equals the total value of goods and services traded (total goods multiplied by the price level). The theory argues that if velocity and output are stable, then changes in the money supply will directly impact price levels. The document notes criticisms of the quantity theory's assumptions and limitations.
1) Statement to Quantity Theory of Money
2) Graph illustration and Pictorial description of QTM
3) Different Approaches to QTM
4) Fisher's Transaction Approach Description
5) Assumptions of Fisher's Transaction Approach
6) Conclusion
Money stock determinants high powered money and money multiplierAlexander Decker
This document discusses money stock determinants and the role of high powered money and the money multiplier in determining money supply. It provides context on the history of studying money supply and reviews different models that have been used. The framework of expressing money stock as the product of high powered money and the money multiplier is described. It is noted that the money multiplier is not a purely mechanical process but reflects various economic decisions. The document aims to calculate the value of the money multiplier and the contribution of high powered money to money supply in India from 1980-81 to 2011-12.
The concept of the quantity theory of moneyMBSAEED
The document summarizes the quantity theory of money (QTM), which states that increases in the money supply directly cause inflation. The QTM is expressed by the Fisher equation as MV=PT, where M is the money supply, V is velocity, P is price level, and T is transactions. The QTM assumes V and T are constant, though these assumptions have been criticized. The theory formed the basis for monetarism and was popular in the 1980s but faced criticisms over strictly controlling money supply.
peranan uang dalam perekonomian (1).pptxyola145905
1. The document discusses the role of money in the economy, including facilitating economic activity and encouraging growth. It also covers basic money concepts, theories of money such as the quantity theory, and the money creation process.
2. Key points include that money serves as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. The quantity theory of money states that changes in the money supply will cause equal changes in price levels. Commercial banks can create money through lending, with required reserve ratios determining how much new money can be created.
3. The development of the money supply in Indonesia from 1990-2009 is described, with M1 consisting of currency and demand deposits, and M2 being the sum of
Irving Fisher developed the transactions approach to the quantity theory of money in his 1911 book The Purchasing Power of Money. He proposed that the price level (P) is directly proportional to the money supply (M) when the velocity of money (V) and volume of transactions (T) remain constant, as represented by his equation of exchange MV=PT. Fisher argued that an increase in the money supply would lead to a direct increase in the price level and a decrease in the value of money. While later facing criticism, Fisher's quantity theory formed the basis of understanding the relationship between money supply and price levels.
MB Week7 by Aamir waheed.ppt money a& Bankingfaiqaishtiaq
This document summarizes Irving Fisher's quantity theory of money and the Cambridge cash balance approach to monetary theory. It discusses Fisher's view that the quantity of money determines the price level, outlines his equation of exchange, and reviews the assumptions and criticisms of his theory. It also explains the Cambridge approach's emphasis on the demand for money as cash balances held for transactions and precautionary motives rather than just a medium of exchange.
The document analyzes the relationship between monetary supply and price level in China using econometric methods. Standard OLS regression shows a positive relationship, but these results are questionable due to potential spurious regression. Time series tests find inconsistent results between different tests on the stationarity of macroeconomic variables. The analysis lays a foundation for further study but more advanced models and tests are needed to fully understand the relationship between money supply and prices in China.
Money is defined as assets that can readily be used to make transactions and acts as a medium of exchange. It serves three main functions: as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account. There are two types of money: fiat money which has no intrinsic value like paper currency, and commodity money which does have intrinsic value like gold coins. The money supply is the total quantity of money available in the economy and is controlled by monetary policy which is conducted by central banks. Velocity is the rate at which money circulates and is calculated as the value of all transactions divided by the money supply. Inflation and interest rates are also related, as an increase in inflation will cause an equal increase in
The document discusses various definitions and concepts related to money:
1. It outlines traditional, Friedman's, and Gurley-Shaw definitions of money which increasingly broaden the scope of money to include near-money assets.
2. It describes the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
3. Theories of neutrality and non-neutrality of money are discussed in relation to prices, interest rates, and economic output in the short and long run.
4. Quantity theories of money like Fisher's equation and the Cambridge cash balance approach link the money supply to the price level and value of money through demand for real cash balances
The document provides an overview of monetarism and Milton Friedman's restatement of the quantity theory of money. It discusses four key aspects of monetarism: (1) that fluctuations in the money supply are the dominant cause of fluctuations in real output; (2) monetarism's use of an expectations-augmented Phillips curve; (3) a monetary approach to exchange rates; and (4) support for monetary policy rules over discretionary policies. It also summarizes Friedman's restatement of the quantity theory and three arguments for adopting a rule-based monetary policy of steady money supply growth.
This document discusses inflation and the quantity theory of money. It begins by explaining how inflation is measured using the consumer price index. It then covers the quantity theory of money, including the quantity equation and using a money supply-demand diagram to show how the quantity of money determines the price level in the long run. The document also discusses the main causes of inflation, including monetary factors like too much money growth as well as cost-push factors like rising input costs.
This document provides an overview of different monetary theories, including the Quantity Theory of Money proposed by Irving Fisher and the Cash-Balance Approach proposed by Cambridge economists like Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes. It summarizes Fisher's equation of exchange as MV=PT, where M is the money supply, V is velocity, P is price level, and T is total transactions. It also outlines the key assumptions and criticisms of Fisher's approach. Furthermore, it summarizes the equations proposed by Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes as part of the Cash-Balance Approach to explaining the relationship between money demand, supply, and price level.
This document provides an overview of different monetary theories, including the Quantity Theory of Money proposed by Irving Fisher and the Cash-Balance Approach proposed by Cambridge economists like Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes. It summarizes Fisher's equation of exchange as MV=PT, where M is the money supply, V is velocity, P is price level, and T is total transactions. It also outlines the key assumptions and criticisms of Fisher's approach. Furthermore, it summarizes the equations proposed by Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes as part of the Cash-Balance Approach to explaining the relationship between money demand, supply, and price level.
This document provides an overview of money and monetary policy. It defines money, describes its key functions such as a medium of exchange and store of value. It discusses components of the money supply, the demand and supply of money, and methods that central banks use to influence the money supply such as adjusting interest rates or reserve requirements. The document also covers the quantity theory of money, the relationship between money supply and inflation, and how monetary policy can promote economic growth.
Money supply refers to the total amount of money available in an economy at a given time. It includes currency in circulation as well as deposits that can be used for transactions. There are different measures of money supply that range from narrow to broad definitions. Narrow money (M1) includes currency and checkable deposits, while broader measures add other liquid assets like savings deposits and money market funds. Irving Fisher developed the quantity theory of money, which states that the price level in an economy is directly proportional to the money supply when the velocity of circulation and output are held constant. Doubling the money supply would double the price level according to this theory.
Cambridge Theory of Money also known as the Cambridge Cash Balance Approachalkarathi1
The Cambridge Monetary Theory emphasizes the role of money in the economy. It was developed by economists at Cambridge University, including John Maynard Keynes. According to the cash balance equation, the value of money is determined by the demand for and supply of money. If demand for money increases while supply remains constant, prices will fall. The theory includes equations from economists like Marshall, Robertson, Keynes, and Pigou. Criticisms of the theory include its assumptions of stable demand for money and full employment. It does not account for factors like income distribution, financial intermediaries, or fiscal policy.
Impact of injection and withdrawal of money stock on economic growth in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines the impact of injecting and withdrawing money stock on economic growth in Nigeria from 1970 to 2008. It uses regression analysis to study the relationship between money supply (M2) and interest rates as indicators of money stock changes, and gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic growth. The study finds that injecting money stock by increasing the money supply tends to reduce interest rates and increase investment, thereby stimulating economic growth. However, excessive money stock increases that are not matched by growth in real output can lead to inflation instead of higher growth.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
44. 2) Changing reserve requirement
เดิม R = 20%
ใหม่ R = 10%
สํารองส่วนเกิน
เพิ่มขึ้น
ธนาคารพาณิชย์
ให้กู้ยืมเพิ่มขึ้น
ปริมาณเงิน
ในระบบเพิ่มขึ้น
R = 25%
สํารองส่วนเกิน
ลดลง
ธนาคารพาณิชย์
ให้กู้ยืมลดลง
ปริมาณเงิน
ในระบบลดลง
45. 2)Changing reserve requirement (ต่อ)
เดิม R = 20% และ P = 100 บาท
ใหม่
R = 10% R = 25%
D = 1
R
x P = 1
0.2
x 100 = 500
D = 1
0.1
x 100
= 1,000 (D เพิ่มขึ้น)
D = 1
0.25
x 100
= 400 (D ลดลง)
49. 4) Changing the bank rate
อัตราดอกเบี้ยมาตรฐาน (bank rate)
• อัตราดอกเบี้ยที่ธนาคารกลางคิดจาก
ธนาคารพาณิชย์
50. 4) Changing the bank rate (ต่อ)
ธ.กลางลดอัตราดอกเบี้ยมาตรฐาน
ธ.พาณิชย์กู้ได้มากขึ้น
ธ.พาณิชย์ปล่อยกู้หรือให้สินเชื่อมากขึ้น
D เพิ่มขึ้น
• ขึ้นอยู่กับการตอบสนองของธนาคารพาณิชย์