Money& Monetary Policy Defined (Philippine Setting)Camille Miranda
This is my report on our subject Macro Economics. This is not a professionally made powerpoint but I hope it can help especially to the Filipino students.
Money& Monetary Policy Defined (Philippine Setting)Camille Miranda
This is my report on our subject Macro Economics. This is not a professionally made powerpoint but I hope it can help especially to the Filipino students.
Kinds of money, functions of money, Supply of money along with inflation. Banking with commercial functions of banking , Central Bank and its functions have been presented in the slides.
Bangladesh Railway Museum is a sole railway museum of Bangladesh Railway located in Chattogram, Bangladesh. It was a bungalow before turns to a museum on November 15, 2003, which showcases some of the rich collection of relics, objects used in Assam Bengal Railway (1942), Eastern Bengal Railway (1947) and Pakistan Railway (1961). The preserved artifacts mainly belong to mechanical, electrical, telecommunication, signal, traffic, and engineering departments of the Bangladesh Railway. It also includes different kinds of lamps and lights, fans and bells, uniforms and accessories of station masters, signaling equipment, transmitters, analog telephone, monograms, track switches, and railway sleepers. The museum located on a land of 12-acre atop a hillock opposite Bangladesh Railway Carriage and Wagon Workshop at Ambagan, Pahartali.
This presentation covers a development plan for The Bangladesh Railway Museum.
Unilever is a British-Dutch transnational consumer goods company co-headquartered in London, United Kingdom, and Rotterdam, Netherlands. Its products include food and beverages (about 40 percent of its revenue), cleaning agents, beauty products, and personal care products. This presentation covers the internal & external Analysis of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd.
This presentation discusses the various factors that bolstered positioning Dubai as the ideal candidate for a logistics hub, fortunately, located at the crossroads of international trade and commerce between the Eastern and Western worlds.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Money is an officially
issued legal tender
generally consisting of
notes and coin, and is
the circulating
medium of exchange
as defined by a
government.
What is Money?
4. Function of Money
• A Medium of Exchange
• A Means of Storing Wealth
• A Means of Evaluation
• A Means of Establishing Value of
Future Claims and Payments.
5. Exchange Of Money
Payment of goods and
services and as a means of
payment of labor and
other factor services
6. Storing Wealth
People need a means whereby labor
can be used to purchase goods and
services in future. People need to be
able to store their money; the want a
means of saving.
7. Means of Evaluation
Money allows the value of goods,
services or assets to be compared. The
value of goods is expressed in terms of
prices, and prices are expressed in
money terms.
8. Establishing The Value of Future Claims &
Payments
People often want to agree today
the price of some future payment.
Money prices are the most
convenient means of measuring
future claims.
9. Components of Money
M1: Cash circulation with the public +
overnight deposit
M2: M1+ Deposits with agreed maturity
M3: M2+ Repos+ Money market funds &
paper+ Debt securities
M4: Retail deposit & cash in M4+ Deposit in
banks + Certificate of deposit
10. The Demand for Money
• The Transactional Motive
• The Precautionary Motive
• The Asset Motive
11. The Supply For Money
• The Monetary Base (or ‘High-powered
money’)- consists of cash (notes and coin) in
circulation outside the central bank.
• Broad Money- Which in most cases includes
both time and sight deposits, retail and
wholesale deposits, and bank and building
society (savings institution) deposits.
12. The Relationship Between Money Supply &
Rate of Interest
Exogenous money supply:
Money supply that does
not depend on the
demand for money but is
set by the
authorities.
13. Endogenous money supply:
Money supply that is
determined (at least in part)
by the demand for money.
The Relationship Between Money Supply &
Rate of Interest
14. Barter is a system of exchange where
goods or services are directly
exchanged for other goods or services
without using a medium of exchange.
What is Barter System?
15. Difficulties in Barter System
1. Double Coincidence of Wants,
2. Lack of a Standard Unit of Account,
3. Impossibility of Subdivision of Goods,
4. Lack of Information,
5. Production of Large and Very Costly Goods not Feasible.
16. Method of Credit Control
• Quantitative Method-
i) Bank Rate Policy,
ii) Open Market Operation,
iii) Changing the Cash Reserve Ratio.
• Qualitative Method/ Selective Method.
17. Method of Credit Control:
Quantitative Method
Bank Rate Policy: Bank rate is minimum rate at which
central bank of a country provides loans to the
commercial bank of the country.
Limitations of Bank Rate Policy:
1. If the commercial banks have considerable reserves,
2. If businessman & investors reduce their borrowings.
18. Open Market Operation: Open market operation means the
purchase and sales of securities by the central bank.
Limitations of the Open Market Operation:
1. Cash reserve will decrease when the central bank sells securities.
2. The percentage of cash credit can be vary within quite limits.
3. Cheap money rate may not attract borrowers.
4. The velocity of bank deposits is rarely constant.
Method of Credit Control:
Quantitative Method
19. Changing the cash reserve Ratio (CRR):
It means by law, banks have to keep a certain
amount of cash money with themselves as
reserves against deposits.
Method of Credit Control:
Quantitative Method
20. Method of Credit Control
Qualitative or Selective Method
The qualitative or the selective methods
objective is mainly to control and regulate the
flow of credit into particular industries or
businesses.
21. Role of Monetary Policy For Promoting Economic Growth
Economic growth can be speeded up by accelerating the rate of savings and
investment in the economy. This requires the following steps:
a) Increase in the aggregate rate of savings in the economy,
b) Mobilization of these savings so that are made available for the purpose of
investment and production,
c) Increase the rate of investment,
d) Allocation of investment funds for productive purposes and priority sectors of
the economy.
22. Role of Monetary Policy For Promoting Economic Growth
Requirements of Economic growth:
a) Monetary Policy and Savings,
b) Monetary Policy and Investment,
i)Cost of Credit
ii)Monetary Policy and Public Investment
iii)Monetary Policy and Private Investment
c) Allocation of Investment Funds
23. Liquidity Trap
The liquidity trap is the
situation in which
prevailing interest rates
are low and savings rates
are high, making monetary
policy ineffective.
24. Quantity Theory of Money
Factors of Quantity Theory of Money:
a)The Volume of Trade or Transaction
b)The Quantity of Money
c) Velocity of Circulation of Money
25. The general level of prices is determined, that
is, why at sometimes the general level of
prices rises and sometimes it declines.
Sometime back it was believed by the
economists that the quantity of money in the
economy is the prime cause of fluctuations in
the price level.
Quantity Theory of Money:
Income Version
26. The total volume of money in a country, is
equal to the total value of all goods and
services. The total supply of money is
obtained by
=
Quantity of money in circulation (M)
X Velocity in circulation (V)or M x V=Total
supply of money
Fisher’s Equation of Exchange
27. Equilibrium in the money market is
where the demand for
money (L) is equal to the supply of
money (Ms). This equilibrium is
achieved through changes in the rate of
interest.
Equilibrium in the Money Market
28. When the supply of money in an economy, the
nominal interest rate changes as a result.
Increases the money supply, there is a surplus of
money at the prevailing interest rate. Decreases
the money supply, there is a shortage of money at
the prevailing interest rate.
Effect of Increase in Money Supply on the Rate of Interest
