The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph that work together to transport fluid and defend the body against disease. Lymph is a fluid containing white blood cells that flows through lymph vessels and lymph nodes, where the nodes filter out pathogens and foreign materials. The lymph eventually drains into the bloodstream via two main ducts. Disorders can occur if the lymphatic system becomes blocked or infected, impairing its ability to circulate lymph and mount an immune response.
The urinary system, components, the urine formation process, The gross structure of the kidney, Microscope structure of the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANSThe Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itselfWhy ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself.
The heart is the system’s pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes.
The urinary system, components, the urine formation process, The gross structure of the kidney, Microscope structure of the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANSThe Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itselfWhy ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself.
The heart is the system’s pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes.
Lymph is the fluid that flows through the lymphatic system, a system composed of lymph vessels (channels) and intervening lymph nodes whose function, like the venous system, is to return fluid from the tissues to the central circulation.
Unit-III, chapter-2- Lymphatic System,
Functions of Lymphatic System,
Major Parts of Lymphatic System,
Composition of Lymph,
Lymph and Lymphatic Capillaries,
Structure of lymph node,
Mechanisms of Lymph Flow,
Functions of Lymph Node,
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT),
As per PCI syllabus,
B. Pharm. First Year,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I.
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
Cold Sores: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Cold Sores, medically known as herpes labialis, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores, although HSV-2 can also contribute in some cases.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
2. IMPORTANT TERMS
• Lymph - a fluid that contains white blood
cells that defend against germs
• Lymph vessels - vessels that carry lymph
throughout your body. They are different
from blood vessels.
• Lymph nodes - glands found throughout the
lymph vessels. Along with your spleen, these
nodes are where white blood cells fight
infection.
3. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Protects body against foreign material
• Assists in circulation of body fluids between cells
and bloodstream
• Transports dietary fats
4. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
(cont.)• Consists of:
- Lymph
- Network of vessels
- Lymph nodes and nodules
- Tonsils
- Spleen
- Thymus gland
- Bone marrow
5.
6.
7. LYMPH (lymph = clear fluid)
• Derived from tissue fluid
• Contains more white blood cells than plasma
• Enters node through afferent lymphatic vessels
• Flows through node in one direction
8.
9.
10. LYMPH (CONT.)
• flows through sinuses in lymph node cortex and then
into the medulla
• exits the lymph node through efferent lymphatic
vessels
• must be returned to blood stream to maintain blood
volume and pressure
11.
12.
13. LYMPH CAPILLARIES
• Microscopic closed-ended vessels
• Located next to blood capillaries in tissue spaces
• Larger diameter than blood capillaries
• Are very permeable and collect tissue fluid and
proteins
• Lymph capillaries merge to form larger lymph
vessels
14. LYMPH VESSELS
• Resemble veins but have thinner walls and more
valves
• Ends of endothelial cells overlap
- Act as one-way valves allowing interstitial fluid to
flow in but not out
• Attached to surrounding tissue by anchoring
filaments
15.
16. LYMPH VESSELS (cont.)
• No pump for lymph
• Lymph is kept moving by:
- Constriction of vessels
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
• At intervals along vessels lymph flows into lymph nodes
• Lymphatic vessels unite to form lymph trunks
17. LYMPH TRUNKS
• formed by lymphatic vessels uniting
• large tubes
• empty their lymph into lymphatic ducts
18. LYMPHATIC DUCTS
• Lymph empties into two conducting ducts:
- the thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)
- the right lymphatic duct
Lymph from these ducts enters the blood stream via
the left subclavian vein and the right subclavian vein
19.
20. Thoracic Duct
(left lymphatic duct)
• about 15-18 inches (38-45 cm) in length
• begins as a dilation called the cisterna chyli
• main collecting duct of lymphatic system
• receives lymph from lower body and upper left
quadrant
• empties into the left subclavian vein
21. CISTERNA CHYLI
• large lymph vessel
• formed by the union of lymph vessels from lower
body
• located anterior to the second lumbar vertebra
• continues superiorly as thoracic duct
22. RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
• about 0.5 inches (1.5 cm) in length
• receives lymph from upper right quadrant
• empties into the right subclavian vein
23. LYMPH NODES
• oval or bean-shaped
• masses of lymphatic tissue
• aid in defense and white blood cell formation
• located along length of lymphatic vessels
• scattered throughout the body usually in clusters
24.
25.
26. LYMPH NODES (cont.)
• covered by a capsule
• contain capsular extensions called trabeculae (form partitions
within node)
• internal to capsule are reticular fibers and fibroblasts
- form framework of a lymph node
• Two main regions of a lymph node:
- cortex
- medulla
27. CORTEX
• outer region directly beneath the capsule
• contains densely packed lymphocytes arranged in
masses called follicles
- outer rim of follicle contains T cells, macrophages,
and follicular dendritic cells (aid in T cell activation)
28. MEDULLA
• inner region
• lymphocytes are arranged in strands called medullary
cords
- contain macrophages and plasma cells
29. BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION
• as lymph passes through a node bacteria and other
foreign materials are trapped by reticular fibers within
the node
- bacteria are then phagocytized by macrophages
30. BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION
(cont.)
• plasma cells produce antibodies to antigens in the
lymph
• antibodies, lymphocytes, and monocytes are
eventually returned to the blood via subclavian veins
35. INGUINAL
• located in groin area
• filter lymph from lower extremities and external
genital organs
36. MESENTERIC
• located in abdominal peritoneum
• aid in infection control after abdominal surgery
• filter lymph from abdominal cavity
37. METASTASIS
• process by which bacteria or body cells are spread from one
body part to another through lymphatic or circulatory
systems
• cancer cells migrate to nearby nodes, eg. breast cancer to
axillary nodes - chemotherapy is necessary once metastasis
occurs
38. DIFFUSE LYMPHATIC TISSUE
• not enclosed by a capsule
• consists of reticular connective tissue that contains
lymphatic nodules
• Found in:
- small amounts in almost every organ, especially
mucous membranes that line tracts of body
39. ISOLATED LYMPHATIC NODULES
(B CELLS)
• oval-shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue
• most are solitary, small, and discrete
• Scattered in lamina propria of mucous
membranes of:
- gastrointestinal tract
- respiratory airways
- urinary and reproductive tract
40. ISOLATED LYMPHATIC NODULES
(B CELLS) (cont.)
• when activated by antigens they differentiate into
plasma cells and produce antibodies against specific
antigens
• plasma cells secrete IgA antibodies
- provide protection against bacterial and viral
infections in lumen of tracts
41. ISOLATED LYMPHATIC NODULES
(B CELLS) (cont.)
• located in mucus membranes of gastrointestinal tract
• Examples:
- tonsils
- ileum of small intestine (Peyer’s patches)
- appendix
42. TONSILS
• Aggregations of large lymphatic nodules
• Embedded in mucous membrane
• Located beneath epithelium of pharynx and oral cavities
• Protect nasal and oral cavities
• Three types:
- Nasopharyngeal tonsils
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
43.
44. NASOPHARYNGEAL TONSILS
• Commonly called adenoids
• Located:
- Behind nose
- On roof of posterior wall of pharynx
- Posterior opening of nasal cavity
45. PALATINE TONSILS
• Usually referred to as the “tonsils”
• Location:
- Back of mouth
- Lateral walls of pharynx
• Most commonly removed - tonsillectomy
47. SPLEEN
• Largest lymphatic organ
• Located in upper left abdominal quadrant
• Between fundus of stomach and diaphragm
• 5-6 inches long, 2-3 inches wide
• Resembles a large lymph node
• Filters blood
48.
49. STRUCTURE OF SPLEEN
• Capsule
- covering of dense connective tissue
• Hilum
- depression on medial surface
- nerves and arteries enter spleen, veins and
lymphatic vessel exit
50. STRUCTURE OF SPLEEN
(cont.)
• Trabeculae
- extensions of capsule, form partitions within the
spleen
• Pulp
- tissue inside
- divided into red and white
51. WHITE PULP
• consists of lymphatic tissue
• mostly lymphocytes arranged around central arteries
52. RED PULP
• Consists of:
- venous sinuses filled with blood
- cords of splenic tissue
consists of red blood cells, macrophages,
lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes
53. FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN
• Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn out or damaged red blood cells
and platelets
• Stores and releases blood in times of demand, e.g., hemorrhage
• Functions in immunity as a site of B cell proliferation into plasma
cells
• Does not filter lymph because it has no afferent lymphatic vessels
or lymph sinuses
54.
55. THYMUS GLAND
• two-lobed organ
• located in upper part of chest along trachea
• inferior to thyroid gland, posterior to sternum
• largest and most active during prenatal period and
infancy
• after puberty it decreases in size
56.
57. THYMUS GLAND (cont.)
• composed of lymphatic tissue
• subdivided into lobules
• immature T cells originating in the bone marrow
migrate to thymus via blood
• in thymus, cells develop into mature T cells for
release into circulation
• thymic hormones aid in maturation of T cells
58. THYMUS GLAND (cont.)
• mature T cells travel to lymph nodes, spleen, and
diffuse lymphatic tissues where they reside
• responsible for cell-mediated immune responses
59. REMOVAL OF THYMUS
(THYMECTOMY)
• can be removed but decreased T-cell production
results
• possible acute susceptibility to infection
60. REMOVAL OF SPLEEN
(SPLENECTOMY)
• can be removed
• other organs, e.g. the liver and bone marrow can
compensate for it
• increased susceptibility to disease may result
61. DISORDERS OF LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
• The lymphatic system may not carry out its function
adequately due to
• Blockage (obstruction): Obstruction in the
lymphatic system leads to an accumulation of fluid (
lymphedema). Obstruction may result from scar
tissue that develops when the lymph vessels or nodes
are damaged or removed during surgery, by radiation
therapy, by injury, or in tropical countries, by
infection with a threadworm (filariasis) that blocks
the lymphatic ducts.
62.
63.
64.
65. CONTD..
• Infection: Infection may cause
swollen lymph nodes because the lymph
nodes are inflamed. Sometimes the lymph
nodes themselves may become infected (
lymphadenitis) by organisms that spread
through the lymphatic system from the
original site of infection.
68. CONTD…
• Cancer: Tumors may block the lymphatic
ducts or may travel (metastasize) to lymph
nodes near a tumor, interfering with flow of
lymphatic fluid through the node. Rarely, a
tumor (lymphangiosarcoma) may develop in
the lymphatic system.