The document details the anatomy and functions of joints in the lower limb, specifically the hip, knee, and ankle joints, and their respective characteristics and movements. It discusses various types of joints, joint structures, ligaments, bursae, and the functional aspects of joint motion such as flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation. Additionally, it highlights the anatomical relationships and key features of individual bones involved in these joints.

2. A joint is the location at which
bones connect. They are
constructed to allow movement
(except for skull bones) and
provide mechanical support, and
are classified structurally and
functionally

3. Structural classification :
fibrous joint
cartilaginous joint
synovial joint

4. Functional classification:
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis

5. Bones of the lower limb:
Hip bone
Femur
Patella
Tibia & Fibula
The Foot

6. the hip bone:
Ilium
Ischium
• At birth 3 separate
bones that fuse at
puberty.
• Ilium
Pubis
• Ischium
• Pubis
Acetabulum
Acetabular Notch

7. (The Femur (ant. view
Head
Neck
Greater
& Lesser
Trochanters
Intertrochanteric Line

8. (The Femur (post. view
1. Intertrochanteric
Crest
4. Pectineal Line
2. Quadrate Tubercle
3. Gluteal Tuberosity

9. Approx. 125o
•The angle of inclination
is measured in the
frontal plane and
typically ranges from 115
to 140 degrees.

10. Coxa Vara
• An angle between femoral
neck and shaft less than
115°; increases stress on
femoral neck.
• This:
1. shortens the limb;
2. decreases the
effectiveness of the
abductors;
3. increases the load on the
femoral neck;
4. reduces the load on the
femoral head.

11. Coxa Valga
• An angle between
femoral neck and shaft
greater than 140°;
increases pressure into
the joint
• This:
1. lengthens the limb;
2. mimics contracture of the
hip abductors;
3. reduces the load on the
femoral neck;
4. increases the load on the
femoral head.

13. Type:
Synovial Ball-and-Socket Joint

14. Articular Surfaces :
Femoral head and Acetabulum
The femoral head and acetabulum
have large amounts of spongy, trabecular
bone to help attenuate forces applied to
joint.
Approx. 70% of the femoral head
articulates with the acetabulum

15. only
horseshoe
shaped lunate
artic. surface
is covered by
articular
cartilage.

16. Fibrous Capsule:
Proximally - 5-6 mm. Medial to
acetabulum
Distally – Ant. Intertrochanteric
line; Post. Halfway along femoral
neck

20. Ligament of the
Head of the
Femur (Lig.
(Teres
Transverse
Acetabular Lig.

21. Location
* Main Function
Ant. Surf. Capsule
Prevents
hyperextension
during standing
Pubofemoral
Ant. & Inf. Surf.
.Cap
Limits abduction
and extension
Ischiofemoral
Posterior Surf.
Capsule
Prevents
hyperextension
Lig. of Head
Intracapsular - betw.
fem. head and
acetab. notch
Weak, contains
artery, may limit
adduction
Transverse
.Acetab
Continuation of
acetab. labrum over
notch
Helps hold head in
acetabular fossa
Ligament Name
”Iliofemoral “Y
note: no ligaments limit hip flexion*

22. (psoas bursa).

24. Med. & Lat. Fem.
Circumflex a.
Acetabular a.

25. pierce capsule at femoral attachment and proceed
along femoral neck toward head beneath synovial
membrane.
Acetabular

26. Motion of the Hip Joint
Hyperextension
Flexion
Abduction
Extension
Adduction

27. .Motion of the Hip Joint cont
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotation

30. - The Knee Joint is the largest & most complicated joint
in the body .
- It consists of 3 Joints within a single synovial cavity :
 Medial Condylar Joint : Between the medial condyle
“of the femur” & the medial condyle “of the tibia” .
 Latral Condylar Joint : Between the lateral condyle “of
the femur” & the lateral condyle “of the tibia” .
 Patellofemoral Joint : Between the patella & the
patellar surface of the femur .
- The fibula is NOT directly involved in the joint .

34. 1 Capsule :
Surrounds the
sides &
posterior
aspect of the
joint… On the
frontal side ,
the capsule is
.absent

35. On each side of
the patella ,
the capsule is
strengthened
by the tendons
of Vastus
Lateralis &
Vastus Medialis
.

36. communicates with:
- suprapatellar bursa,
- popliteus bursa,
- semimembranosus burse,
- gastrocnemius bursa.

37. :Bursae related to the knee joint
:Anterior to the knee- 1
supra-patellar bursa. 1
prepatellar bursa. 2
superficial infra-patellar bursa. 3
deep infrapatellar bursa. 4
:Posterior to the knee- 2
popliteus bursa. 1
semimembrenosus bursa. 2
semitendinosus bursa. 3
gastrocnemius bursa. 4
gracilis bursa. 5
biceps bursa. 6
sartorius bursa. 7

38. 2) Ligaments :
Extracapsular Ligaments :
- Ligamentum Patellea
((a continuation of the Quariceps
Femoris muscle ))
- Lateral Collateral Lig.
- Medial Collateral Lig.
- Oblique Popliteal Lig
(( derived from the
Semimembranosus muscle )).

40. :Structures inside the knee joint
The medial and lateral menisci are 2 C-shaped
sheets of fibrocartilage between the tibial &
femoral condyles
- Their peripheral border is thick & attached to
the capsule ,
their inner border is thin & forms a free edge .
- Each meniscus is attached to the upper
surface of the tibia by anterior & posterior
horns .

42. Intracapsular Ligaments :
Cruciate Ligaments : 2 strong ligaments that cross each other within
the joint cavity .

43. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) :
• Attached to the anterior intercondylar area
of the tibia , passes upward , backward &
laterally to get attached to the lateral
femoral condyle .
•
Prevents posterior displacement of the
femur (( With the knee joint flexed , the
ACL prevents the tibia from being pulled
anteriorly)) .

44. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) :
•Attached to the posterior intercondylar area
of the tibia , passes upward , forward , &
medially to get attached to the medial
femoral condyle .
•Prevents anterior displacement of the femur
(( With the knee joint flexed , the PCL
prevents the tibia from being pulled
posteriorly )) .

45. Thick, circular-triangular bone which
articulates with the femur and covers and
protects the anterior articular surface of
the knee joint.
It is the largest sesamoid bone .

46. Anterior surface
It can be divided into three parts:
The
upper third is coarse, flattened, and rough; it
serves for the attachment of the tendon of the
quadriceps and often has exostoses.
The
The
middle third has numerous vascular canaliculi.
lower third includes the distal apex which
serves as the origin of the patellar ligament.

47. Posterior surface
The upper three-quarters articulates with
the femur and is subdivided into a medial
and a lateral facet by a vertical ledge
which varies in shape.

48. 
It is attached to the tendon of
the quadriceps femoris muscle, which
contracts to extend/straighten the knee.
The vastus intermedialis muscle is attached to
the base of patella. The vastus
lateralis and vastus medialis are attached to
lateral and medial borders of patella
respectively.

gliding joint, between the patella and the
patellar surface of the femur

the fibula is not directly involved in the joint.

49. Popliteal Fossa
diamond-shaped intermuscular space situated at the back of
the knee.The fossa contains
the popliteal vessels,
the small saphenous vein,
the common peroneal and tibial nerves,
the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh,
the genicular branch of the obturator nerve,
connective tissue, and lymph nodes.

50. Boundaries
•Laterally: The biceps femoris above and the
lateral head of the gastrocnemius and
plantaris below
•Medially: The semimembranosus and
semitendinosus above and the medial head of
the gastrocnemius below

52. Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
Articulation is between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of
the fibula.The articular surfaces are flattened and covered by hyaline
cartilage.
This is a synovial, plane, gliding joint.
Ligaments
Anterior and posterior ligaments strengthen the capsule. The
interosseous membrane
Capsule and Synovial Membrane attached to the line of the articular
surface.
The common peroneal nerve supplies the joint.
Movements
A small amount of gliding movement takes place during movements at
the ankle joint.

53. Distal Tibiofibular Joint
Articulation
Articulation is between the fibular notch at the lower end
of the tibia and the lower end of the fibula.
Type
The distal tibiofibular joint is a fibrous joint.
Capsule
There is no capsule

55. Ankle Joint
The ankle joint consists of a deep socket formed
by the lower ends of the tibia and fibula, into
which is fitted the upper part of the body of the
.talus
Articulation
Articulation is between the lower end of
the tibia, the two malleoli, and the body of
the talus.

57. Type
The ankle is a synovial hinge joint.
Capsule
The capsule encloses the joint and is
attached to the bones near their articular
margins.

58. Ligaments
The medial, or deltoid, ligament
The lateral ligament is weaker than the medial
ligament and consists of three bands.
The anterior talofibular ligament
The calcaneofibular ligament
The posterior talofibular ligament

60. Synovial Membrane
.The synovial membrane lines the capsule
Nerve Supply
Deep peroneal and tibial nerves supply the
.ankle joint

62. Synovial Membrane
.The synovial membrane lines the capsule
Nerve Supply
Deep peroneal and tibial nerves supply the ankle
.joint

63. Movements
Dorsiflexion (toes pointing upward) and plantar
flexion (toes pointing downward) are possible. The
movements of inversion and eversion take place at
the tarsal joints and not at the ankle joint.