The document is a comprehensive overview of digital electronics, focusing on various types of logic gates including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, exclusive-OR, and exclusive-NOR gates. Each gate is explained in terms of its function, truth table, and logical expressions. Additionally, it discusses the NAND and NOR gates as universal gates capable of performing the functions of other gate types.

1. G.H. Patel College of Engineering and
Technology
Subject: Digital Electronics
Name Enrollment no.
Champaneria Dhvanil J. 150113109004
Chauhan Nisarg D. 150113109005
Jadav Prashant 150113109009
Limbani Milan P. 150113109011

2. Logic Gates
&
Universal Gate

3.  Logic Gate:
 Actually the term logic is applied to digital circuits used to implement logic functions. Several kinds of
digital logic circuits are the basic elements that form the building blocks for such complex digital system as
the computer.
 The lines connected to each symbols are the inputs and outputs.
 The inputs are on the left of each symbol and the output is on the right.
 A circuit that performs a specific logic operation (AND, OR) is called a logic gate.

4.  AND Gate:
 An AND gate can have two or more inputs and performs what is know as multiplication.
 The output of AND gate is high when all inputs are high otherwise all outputs are low.
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Logical Symbol
Truth Table
• It’s logical expression is, X=A.B

5.  OR Gate:
 OR gate can have two or more inputs and performs what is known as logical addition.
 The output of OR gate is Low when all inputs are low, otherwise all outputs are high
Logical Symbol
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth Table
• It’s logical expression is, X=A+B

6.  Not Gate:
 The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion or complementation.
 The NOT operation changes one logic level to the opposite logical level. When the input is Low, the output
is high. When the input is high, the output is low.
Input Output
0 1
1 0
Logical Symbol
Truth Table
• It’s logical expression is, A=A’

7.  NAND Gate:
 The NAND gate is the one of the popular logic element because it can be used as a universal gate; that is
NAND gate can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter operations.
 NAND Gate is constructed by attaching NOT Gate at the output of AND Gate, hence NAND Gate is called
NOT- AND Gate.
 The output of NAND gate is low when all inputs are high, otherwise all outputs are high.
Logical Symbol

8.  It’s logical expression is, X= (AB)’
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 Truth Table and Expression of NAND Gate:

9.  NOR Gate:
 The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, NOR gate is also useful logical element because it can also be used as a
universal gate.
 NOR gate can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR and Inverter operations.
 NOR Gate is the combination of NOT gate at the output of OR gate, hence NOR gate is type of NOT-OR
gate.
 The Output of NOR gate is high when all inputs are low otherwise the output is low.
Logical Symbol

10. Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
 It’s expression is, X=(A+B)’
 Truth Table and Expression of NOR Gate:

11.  Exclusive- OR Gate:
 The exclusive-OR gate has a graphical symbol similar to that of the OR gate, except for the additional
curved line on the input side.
 If both inputs are Low or both are High then it produces the output Low or 0. otherwise it produce the High.
Logical Symbol

12. Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 It’s logical expression is X=AB’+A’B
 𝑋 = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵
 Truth Table and Expression of Ex-OR Gate:

13.  Exclusive-Nor gate:
 The exclusive-NOR gate is the complement of the exclusive-OR gate, as indicated by small circle on the
output side of the graphic symbol.
 If both inputs are Low or both are High then it produces the output High or 1. otherwise it produce the Low
output.
Logical symbol

14. Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 It’s logical expression is 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴′
𝐵′
 𝑋 = 𝐴 ⊙ 𝐵
 Truth Table and Expression of Ex-NOR Gate:

15. NAND gate as Universal gate

16.  NAND Gate as an AND Gate:
X
Y
YXYXZ 
YX
NAND Gate Inverter
Logical symbol
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Truth Table

17.  NAND Gate as an OR Gate:
X
Y
YXYXYXZ 
X
NAND GateInverters
Y
Logical symbol
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth Table

18.  NAND Gate as an NOT Gate:
X XZ 
Logical symbol
Input Output
X Z
0 1
1 0
Truth Table

19.  NAND Gate:
X
Y YXYXZ 
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
A B Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

20.  NAND Gate as an NOR Gate:
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
A B Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

21.  NAND Gate as an Ex-OR Gate:
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

22.  NAND Gate as an Ex-NOR Gate:
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

23. NOR gate as Universal gate

24.  NOR Gate as an AND Gate:
X
Y
YXYXYXZ 
X
NOR Gate“Inverters”
Y
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

25.  NOR Gate as an OR Gate:
X
Y YXYXZ 
YX 
NOR Gate “Inverter”
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

26.  NOR Gate as an NOT Gate:
X XZ 
XXX 
(Before Bubble)
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Z
0 1
1 0

27.  NOR Gate as an NAND Gate:
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

28.  NOR Gate:
X
Y
YXYXZ 
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

29.  NOR Gate as an Ex-OR Gate:
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

30.  NOR Gate as an Ex-NOR Gate:
Logical symbol
Truth Table
Inputs Output
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

31. Thank You…..