This document discusses logic gates and their types. It begins by defining a gate and explaining that gates are digital circuits with two state (0 or 1) inputs and outputs. It then covers the basic gates - NOT, OR, AND, NOR and NAND - providing their symbols, truth tables and descriptions. Derived gates like XOR and XNOR are also explained. The document states that NAND and NOR gates are universal as all other gates can be realized using only these two gates. It provides examples of realizing NOT, AND and OR gates using only NAND gates and also examples of realizing the same using only NOR gates. The chapter blueprint at the end lists the expected questions and marks distribution.
M. FLORENCE DAYANA/unit - II logic gates and circuits.pdfDr.Florence Dayana
Logic Gates, Truth Table, AND Gate
Types of Digital Logic AND Gate, The 2-input and 3-input AND Gate, OR Gate, Types of Digital Logic AND Gate, The 2-input OR gate, The 3-input OR gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate, The 2-input NAND Gate, The 3-input NAND Gate, NOR Gate, 2-input NOR gate
Just like other gates, XOR gate or Exclusive-OR gate
M. FLORENCE DAYANA/unit - II logic gates and circuits.pdfDr.Florence Dayana
Logic Gates, Truth Table, AND Gate
Types of Digital Logic AND Gate, The 2-input and 3-input AND Gate, OR Gate, Types of Digital Logic AND Gate, The 2-input OR gate, The 3-input OR gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate, The 2-input NAND Gate, The 3-input NAND Gate, NOR Gate, 2-input NOR gate
Just like other gates, XOR gate or Exclusive-OR gate
logic gates ,truth table , boolean expression, basic gates, universal gates . what is and gate , or gate , not gate , nand gate , nor gate , what is logic circuit , symbol of and gate , not gate , or gate
logic gates ,truth table , boolean expression, basic gates, universal gates . what is and gate , or gate , not gate , nand gate , nor gate , what is logic circuit , symbol of and gate , not gate , or gate
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. Chapter 3- Logic Gates II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan
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Chapter-3
LOGIC GATES
Introduction:
Gate: A Gate is a simply an electronic circuit which operates on one or more input signals and
always produces an output signal.
Gates are digital (two state) circuits because the input and output signals are either low voltage (0) or
high voltage (1).
Gates are often called logic circuits because they can be analyzed with Boolean algebra.
Gates are classified into two types:
Basic Gates:
NOT Gate:
A NOT gate has only one input and one output.
The output state is always the opposite of the input state.
A NOT Gate is also called as Inverter gate, because the output is not same as the input.
The output is sometimes called the complement (opposite) of the input.
The logical symbol and the truth table of NOT gate are given below.
X X
OR Gate:
A OR gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal.
If any of the input signals is 1 (high), then the output is 1 (high).
The logical symbol for two-input OR gate and the truth table is given below.
X
0 1
1 0
Logic gates
Basic Gates Derived Gates
AND OR NOR NAND XOR
NOT XNOR
2. Chapter 3- Logic Gates II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan
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X F = X + Y
Y
AND Gate:
A AND gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal.
When all the input signals are 1 (high), the output is 1 (high), otherwise the output is 0.
The logical symbol for two-input AND gate and the truth table is given below.
X F = X .Y
Y
NOR Gate:
A NOR gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal.
The NOR gate is a complemented of OR gate.
The output of NOR gate will be 1 only when all inputs are 0 and output will be 0 if any input
represents a 1.
NOR is short form of NOT-OR.
The symbol is used to represent a NOR operation. So X + Y can be written as X NOR Y or X Y.
The logical structure shows an OR gate and NOT gate. For input X and Y, the output of the OR gate
will be X+Y which is fed as input to the NOT gate. So the output of NOR gate is given by X + Y
which is equal to X . Y
X F = X + Y F = X + Y
Y
The logical symbol for two-input NOR gate and the truth table is given below.
X F = X + Y
Y
X Y F = X+Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
X Y F = X.Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
X Y Z F = + +
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
X Y F = +
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
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NAND Gate:
A NAND gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal.
The NAND gate is a complemented of AND gate.
The output of NAND gate will be 0 only when all inputs are 1 and output will be 0 if any input
represents a 0.
NAND is short form of NOT-AND.
The symbol is used to represent a NOR operation. So X . Y can be written as X NAND Y or X Y.
The logical structure shows an AND gate and NOT gate. For input X and Y, the output of the OR
gate will be X .Y which is fed as input to the NOT gate. So the output of NAND gate is given by
X . Y which is equal to X + Y
X F = X . Y F = X . Y
Y
The logical symbol for two-input NAND gate and the truth table is given below.
X F = X . Y
Y
XOR (Exclusive-OR) Gate:
An exclusive-OR has two or more input signal but only one output signal.
Exclusive-OR gate is different form of OR gate.
Exclusive-OR gate produces output 1 for only those input combinations that have odd number of 1’s.
The output is 0 if there are even number of 1’s in the input.
The output is 1 if there are odd number of 1’s in the input.
In Boolean algebra, ϴ sign stands for XOR operation. Thus X XOR Y can be written as XϴY
If the output is given by:
F = X ϴ Y
X Y F = .
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
X Y Z F = . .
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
4. Chapter 3- Logic Gates II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan
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F = X Y + X Y
The XOR gate has a symbol similar to OR gate, except the additional curved line of the input side.
X F = X ϴ Y = X Y + X Y
Y
The following truth table illustrates XOR operation for 2 and 3 inputs.
XNOR (Exclusive-NOR) Gate:
The XNOR gate is complement of XOR gate.
The output of XNOR is 1 only when the logic values of both X and Y is same i.e. either both are
equal to 1 or both are 0.
Its output is 0 when its inputs are different.
In Boolean algebra, ʘ sign stands for XNOR operation. Thus X XNOR Y can be written as X ʘ Y
If the output is given by:
F = X ʘ Y
F = XY + XY
The XNOR gate has a symbol similar to NOR gate, except the additional curved line of the input side.
X F = X ʘ Y = XY + X Y
Y
The following truth table illustrates XOR operation for 2 and 3 inputs.
Number
Of 1’s
Input Output
X Y F = X ϴ Y
EVEN 0 0 0
ODD 0 1 1
ODD 1 0 1
EVEN 1 1 0
Number
of 1’s
X Y Z F = X ϴ Y ϴ Z
EVEN 0 0 0 0
ODD 0 0 1 1
ODD 0 1 0 1
EVEN 0 1 1 0
ODD 1 0 0 1
EVEN 1 0 1 0
EVEN 1 1 0 0
ODD 1 1 1 1
Number
Of 1’s
Input Output
X Y F = X ʘ Y
EVEN 0 0 1
ODD 0 1 0
ODD 1 0 0
EVEN 1 1 1
Number
of 1’s
X Y Z F = X ʘ Y ʘ Z
EVEN 0 0 0 1
ODD 0 0 1 0
ODD 0 1 0 0
EVEN 0 1 1 1
ODD 1 0 0 0
EVEN 1 0 1 1
EVEN 1 1 0 1
ODD 1 1 1 0
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Universal Gate (NAND & NOR):
Universal gate is a gate using which all the basic gates can be designed.
NAND and NOR gate re called as Universal Gates, because all the Boolean functions can also be
implemented using these two gates.
NAND and NOR gates are more popular as these are less expensive and easier to design.
Realization of all basic gates using NAND gate:
NAND to NOT:
In the figure we have two input NAND gate whose inputs are purposely connected together so that
the same input is applied to both.
F = X . X = X
X
From the diagram X NAND X = X . X
= X + X // DeMorgan’s 2nd
Theorem
= X X + X = X
= Inverted Input = NOT gate
NAND to AND:
In the figure we have two NAND gates connected so that the AND operations is performed.
NAND gate 2 is used as a NOT gate.
X F1 = X . Y F2 = X. Y = X.Y
Y
From the diagram X NAND Y =F1= X . Y
F2 = F1 . F1
= F1 + F1 // DeMorgan’s 2nd
Theorem
= X. Y X + X = X
F2 = X.Y
= AND gate
NAND to OR:
The OR operation can be implemented using NAND gates connected as shown in figure.
NAND gate 1 and NAND gate 2 are used as NOT to invert the inputs.
F1 = X
X
F3 = X . Y = X + Y
F2 = Y
Y
6. Chapter 3- Logic Gates II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan
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From the diagram X NAND Y
F1 = X . X = X + X = X
F2 = Y . Y = Y + Y = Y
F3 = F1 . F2
= F1 + F2 // DeMorgan’s 2nd
Theorem
= X + Y X = X and Y = Y
F3 = X +Y
= OR gate
Realization of all basic gates using NOR gate:
NOR to NOT:
Figure shows that NOR gate with its inputs connected together behaves as a NOT gate.
F = X + X = X
X
From the diagram X NOR X = X + X
= X . X // DeMorgan’s 1st
Theorem
= X X . X = X
= Inverted Input = NOT gate
NOR to AND:
The AND operation can be implemented with NOR gate as shown in figure. Here NOR gate 1 and
NOR gate 2 are used as NOT gate to invert inputs.
F1 = X
X
F3= X + Y = X.Y
F2 = Y
Y
From the diagram X NOR Y
F1 = X + X = X . X =X
F2 = Y + Y = Y . Y =Y
F3 = F1 + F2
= F1 . F2 // DeMorgan’s 1st
Theorem
= X . Y X = X and Y = Y
F3 = X.Y
= AND gate
7. Chapter 3- Logic Gates II PUC, MDRPUC, Hassan
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NAND to OR:
In the figure two NOR gates are arranged so that the OR operation is performed.
NOR gate 2 is used as NOT gate.
X F1 = X + Y F2 = X + Y = X + Y
Y
From the diagram X NOR Y
F1 = X + Y
F2 = F1 + F1
F2 = F1 . F1 // DeMorgan’s 1st
Theorem
= F1
= X + Y X = X
F2 = X +Y
= OR gate
Designing of Logic Circuit using all basic gates :
Designing of Logic Circuit using NAND and NOR gates:
CHAPTER – LOGIC GATES BLUE PRINT
VSA (1 marks) LA (3 Marks) - Total
01 Question 01 Question - 02 Questions
Question No 1 Question No 20 - 04 Marks