HPLC works on the principle of the separation of the material according to their molecular weight and polar FTIR spectroscopy deals with the quantitative measurement of the interaction between IR radiation and materials. FTIR reveals molecular-vibrational transitions and provides characteristic information on molecular structure.
Ion exclusion chromatography is a technique,introduced by Wheaton and Bauman, used to separate ionic compounds from non-ionic compounds and to separate mixtures of acids.
Ion exclusion chromatography is a technique,introduced by Wheaton and Bauman, used to separate ionic compounds from non-ionic compounds and to separate mixtures of acids.
The slides covers brief description of ion exclusion chromatography. i hope the slides will be helpful
for any further details you can contact me through email.
mail id - sobhigaba@gmail.com
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Point to point M.pharm CADD presentation on MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING, Dihydro Folate reductase Inhibiter (Methotrexate)
This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
SIDE REACTION OCCUR IN PEPTIDE YNTJESIS ARE DISCUSSED HERE WITH ITTATED PROTON, PROTONATIONS RACEMIZATION, INITIATED ACTIVITY, ACYLATION, ALKYLATION, OVERACTIVATION
The slides covers brief description of ion exclusion chromatography. i hope the slides will be helpful
for any further details you can contact me through email.
mail id - sobhigaba@gmail.com
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Point to point M.pharm CADD presentation on MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING, Dihydro Folate reductase Inhibiter (Methotrexate)
This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
SIDE REACTION OCCUR IN PEPTIDE YNTJESIS ARE DISCUSSED HERE WITH ITTATED PROTON, PROTONATIONS RACEMIZATION, INITIATED ACTIVITY, ACYLATION, ALKYLATION, OVERACTIVATION
Introduction
Definition
Basic mechanism
Prerequisite of flow cytometer
Components of flow cytometry
Flow system
Optics system
Concept of scattering
Advantage
Limitation
Application
Conclusion
References
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
IR SPECTROSCOPY-INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, TYPE OF VIBRATIONS, INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION{ FOR the m.pharm 1st year 2019
Presented by DIPSANKAR BERA(M.PHARM STUDENT)
Similar to liquid chromatography-fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (LC-FTR) (20)
Anticonvulsants are drugs that are used to arrest convulsions or seizures caused in epilepsy.
Seizure: associated with abnormal episodic high frequency discharge of impulses by a group of neurons in brain which starts local abnormal discharge & then spray to the other area of brain.
Convulsion: body muscles are contract and release rapidly & repeatedly, resulting in uncontrol shaking of body.
Epilepsy: these are a group of disorder of the CNS characterized by paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia, brief episodes (seizure) or disturbance of consciousness with or without characteristic body movements (convulsions).
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine. Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.
The combined technique between MS and HPLC is commonly known as LC-MS. Combining the two analytical methods reduces experimental error and improves accuracy. The application of LC-MS is very useful in situations that involve a huge number of compounds, such as environmental effluents.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
1. ADVANCED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS (MPC201T) UNIT-IV_CHROMATOGRAPHY (LC-FTIR)
Prepared by: - Subham Kumar Vishwakarma (shubhamkumarvishwakarma7@gmail.com), Guided by: - Dr. S Raja, Gitam
University Visakhapatnam (AP)
1
• LC and FTIR can be combined together for the detection and identification of certain separated
compounds.
• HPLC works on the principle of the separation of the material according to their molecular weight
and polar FTIR spectroscopy deals with the quantitative measurement of the interaction between
IR radiation and materials. FTIR reveals molecular-vibrational transitions and provides
characteristic information on molecular structure.
• The application of FTIR spectroscopy in LC is limited because the solvents used commonly in LC
are strong IR absorbers, limiting both sensitivity and the spectral information that may be obtained.
Instrumentation: -
1. LC setup- see in previous hyphenated technique LC-MS or find
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33132.08321
2. Interface-
a. FTIR interface
b. Solvent-elimination interfaces
FTIR INTERFACE
Flow-cell interfaces: -
Flow cells offer a simple and straight forward means for the on-line coupling of LC and FTIR. The
effluent of the LC is passed directly through a flow cell and IR spectra are acquired in real time. The
merits of the approach include low cost, instrumental simplicity, ease of operation, low maintenance,
and the possible use of non-volatile buffers. The analyte can be studied without any orientation or
crystallization effects, oxidative degradation, or evaporation, which might occur during or after
solvent elimination. Because flow-cell detection takes place in real-time, it is also potentially useful
2. ADVANCED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS (MPC201T) UNIT-IV_CHROMATOGRAPHY (LC-FTIR)
Prepared by: - Subham Kumar Vishwakarma (shubhamkumarvishwakarma7@gmail.com), Guided by: - Dr. S Raja, Gitam
University Visakhapatnam (AP)
2
for on-line reaction monitoring. On the other hand, the dynamic nature of the IR measurements leaves
less time to collect spectra, limiting the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Cell-window materials: - The choice for a specific window material is mainly determined by the
properties of the LC eluent and the spectral region that has to be monitored. A fully IR transparent
material such as potassium bromide (KBr), for instance, cannot be used with RPLC. Instead, more
expensive water-insoluble materials such as calcium fluoride and zinc selenide (ZnSe) have to be
chosen. The optical and physical properties of some commonly used IR-window materials are
presented in table below. In all cases, in order to obtain an identifiable IR spectrum a minimum
amount of analyte has to be present in the detection cell during the time of measurement.
Types of flow cells: -
Three types of flow cells can be discerned for on-line LC-FTIR coupling. These are based on
transmission, attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) and specular-reflection measurements, respectively.
The spectral range (i.e., detection-wavenumber range) of these interfaces is determined by the IR
characteristics of the applied cell-window material and by the mobile phase used for the
chromatographic separation.
1. Transmission cell: - Consists of an IR transparent cavity or of two IR transparent windows
separated by a metal or Teflon Spacer. The LC eluent enters and exits the cell through capillary
tubing and is sampled by the IR beam passing perpendicularly. Path Length is 0.001 to 2 mm and
Detection Limits is 40-50 microgram when Chloroform is used as M.P.
2. Flow cells is based on the ATR principle: -
One type of cell consists of a cylindrically shaped ATR crystal with cone-shaped ends (Figure 3.2).
The crystal is incorporated in a flow cell with the cone ends outside the cell body. The effluent passes
3. ADVANCED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS (MPC201T) UNIT-IV_CHROMATOGRAPHY (LC-FTIR)
Prepared by: - Subham Kumar Vishwakarma (shubhamkumarvishwakarma7@gmail.com), Guided by: - Dr. S Raja, Gitam
University Visakhapatnam (AP)
3
through the flow-cell cavity surrounding the crystal. Cassegrain optics are used to focus the IR beam
on the crystal at one end and to direct the IR radiance emerging from the other end to the detector.
3. Flow cell is based on specular-reflection measurements: -
➢ consists of a trough-shaped stainless-steel cell body, covered with an IR-transparent window.
➢ An external mirror is used to direct the IR beam towards the flow-cell window under near-
normal incidence angles, reducing the reflection losses at the air window interface. After
passing the cell-window, the IR beam is reflected via a mirror surface inside the cell cavity,
crossing the effluent flow path twice, and directed towards the detector via a second external
mirror.
➢ The actual optical pathlength is twice the thickness of thee sample cavity and it can be adjusted
from 50 um to 2 mm, corresponding to cell volumes of 1 to 40μ.
Eluent absorption: -
➢ Ideally, the mobile phase used in flow-cell LC-FTIR should not exhibit serious background
absorption, because this may obscure analyte absorption bands. Unfortunately, just about all
organic solvents used in LC show intense IR spectra.
➢ In order to correct for background absorption by the eluent, background subtraction often can
be carried out quite reliably [17], provided that isocratic LC is used. FTIR allows the
acquisition of spectral data on an extremely precise wavenumber scale
Solvent-elimination interfaces: -
The eluent is removed prior to detection. Eluent is directed to a nebulizer often aided with nebulizer
gas. The Separated analytes are deposited on a substrate. IR Spectra from the immobilized
chromatogram may be obtained.
Solvent-elimination LC-FTIR offers a number of distinct advantages when compared with flow-
cell LC-FTIR approaches.
➢ Firstly, the absence of interfering eluent absorption bands permits spectral interpretation over
the entire wavenumber range, allowing full exploitation off the identification possibilities of
IR spectroscopy.
➢ Secondly, the immobilized chromatogram is still available after the chromatographic run has
been completed.
Types of Solvent Elimination Interfaces: -
1. Early LC-DRIFT
2. Buffer memory
3. Spray type interfaces
4. ADVANCED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS (MPC201T) UNIT-IV_CHROMATOGRAPHY (LC-FTIR)
Prepared by: - Subham Kumar Vishwakarma (shubhamkumarvishwakarma7@gmail.com), Guided by: - Dr. S Raja, Gitam
University Visakhapatnam (AP)
4
a) Thermo-spray interface
b) Particle beam interface
c) Electrospray interface
d) Pneumonic nebulizer
e) Ultrasonic nebulizer
1.Early LC-DRIFT Interfaces: - The LC eluent was dripped via a heated tube into discrete KCl-
filled cups and residual solvent was removed under a gentle stream of nitrogen before the aquisition
of spectra.
2.Buffer Memory Technique: - Flat KBr Plates are used for transmission measurements. A complete
chromatogram is immobilized and stored on a substrate. Micro-bore LC and low flow rates were used
for rapid evaporation of eluent. Spectra aquistion - FTIR transmission microscopy. Study of analytes
- X-ray Fluorescence Spectra.
3.Spray type Interfaces
a) Thermospray Interfaces: -
✓ LC eluent is passed through a directly heated vaporized tube.
✓ Part of the liquid evaporates to an expanding vapour and as a result, a mist of de-solvating
droplets emerge from the end of the tube.
✓ Operating Temp: 100 - 300℃
✓ Detection limits: 1mg
b) Particle beam interface :
For deposition of LC-separated compounds on KBr substrates.
Three Components:
I. A monodisperse aerosol is generated from the LC eluent by nebulization with the aid
of He.
II. Then directed into a desolvation chamber (Most liquid gets vapourized here)
III. The mixture of gas, vapour and condensed analyte molecules is accelerated towards the
“momentum separator”
IV. The separated analyte molecules of interest enter the IR-transparent substrate.
5. ADVANCED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS (MPC201T) UNIT-IV_CHROMATOGRAPHY (LC-FTIR)
Prepared by: - Subham Kumar Vishwakarma (shubhamkumarvishwakarma7@gmail.com), Guided by: - Dr. S Raja, Gitam
University Visakhapatnam (AP)
5
V. The substrate is then removed after deposition from the vaccum chamber and
transferred to the FT-IR spectrometer for
c) Electrospray interface:
A spray of charged droplets a produced using a high electric field. The initial droplets further
breakdown into smaller droplets as a result of solvent evaporation and charge density. Deposit
Surface - ZnSe Plate.
d) Pneumonic nebulizer:
High speed gas flow is used to disrupt the liquid surface and to form small droplets which are
dispersed by the gas. Deposit Surface: IR-Reflective Disc, Gas: Nitrogen Gas.
e) Ultrasonic nebulizer:
A Spray is formed by depositing the LC effluent on a transducer that is vibrating at ultrasonic
frequencies. The vibrations cause the solvent to break up into small, desolvating droplets which
are transported by a carrier gas towards a substrate. Deposition Substrate: KBr discs.
APPLICATIONS: -
• In trace analysis.
• Analysis of environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and
herbicides.
• Analysis of Pharmaceuticals such as steroids and analgesics, and their impurities, drug
metabolites, polymer additives, dyes, non-ionic surfactants and fullerenes.
• Distinction of isomers
• Separation of secondary structure of proteins such as beta globulin and lysozyme.