Point to point M.pharm CADD presentation on MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING, Dihydro Folate reductase Inhibiter (Methotrexate)
What is QSAR?, introduction to 3D QSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA, Case Study on CoMFA contour maps analysis and CoMSIA interactive forces between ligand and receptor, various Statistical techniques involved in QSAR
Pharmacophore Mapping and Virtual Screening (Computer aided Drug design)AkshayYadav176
Pharmacophore Mapping and Virtual Screening (Computer aided Drug design)
Concept of pharmacophore, Pharmacophore mapping, Identification of pharmacophore features and pharmacophore modeling, Conformation search used in pharmacophore mapping, Virtual screening.
This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
What is QSAR?, introduction to 3D QSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA, Case Study on CoMFA contour maps analysis and CoMSIA interactive forces between ligand and receptor, various Statistical techniques involved in QSAR
Pharmacophore Mapping and Virtual Screening (Computer aided Drug design)AkshayYadav176
Pharmacophore Mapping and Virtual Screening (Computer aided Drug design)
Concept of pharmacophore, Pharmacophore mapping, Identification of pharmacophore features and pharmacophore modeling, Conformation search used in pharmacophore mapping, Virtual screening.
This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
Analog design is usually defined as the modification of a drug molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the original model compound
Pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening(CADD) ppt.pptxMZzaddy
Pharmacophore mapping is a technique used in drug discovery to identify the key chemical and structural features of a molecule that are necessary for it to interact with a biological target in a specific way. It involves the identification and mapping of specific functional groups, atom types, and other molecular properties that are required for binding to the target. Pharmacophore mapping is often used in combination with other computational techniques, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, to identify and optimize potential drug candidates.
Virtual screening is a computational method used in drug discovery to search large chemical databases for compounds that are likely to bind to a target of interest. Virtual screening involves the use of computational models, such as pharmacophore models, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, to predict the binding affinity and selectivity of a large number of compounds against the target. By screening virtual chemical libraries, virtual screening allows the rapid identification of potential drug candidates, which can then be further tested and optimized using experimental methods. Virtual screening is an important tool in drug discovery, as it can significantly reduce the time and costs associated with traditional drug discovery methods.
Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
PHARMACOHORE MAPPING AND VIRTUAL SCRRENING FOR RESEARCH DEPARTMENTShikha Popali
THE PHARMACOPHORE MAPPING AND VIRTUAL SCRRENING , THESE PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE DEATIL ACCOUNT ON PHARMACOPHORE, MAPPING, ITS IDENTIFIATION FEATURES, ITS CONFORMATIONAL SEARCH, INSILICO DRUG DESIGN, VIRTUAL SCREENING, PHARMACOPHORE BASED SCREENING
PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF ADMET PROPERTIES OF NEW.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Detail about PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF ADMET PROPERTIES OF NEW MOLECULES AND IT’S IMPORTANCE IN DRUG DISCOVERY, including DESCRIPTORS OF ADMET PREDICTION, DATASETS USED IN ADMET PREDICTION
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
Analog design is usually defined as the modification of a drug molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the original model compound
Pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening(CADD) ppt.pptxMZzaddy
Pharmacophore mapping is a technique used in drug discovery to identify the key chemical and structural features of a molecule that are necessary for it to interact with a biological target in a specific way. It involves the identification and mapping of specific functional groups, atom types, and other molecular properties that are required for binding to the target. Pharmacophore mapping is often used in combination with other computational techniques, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, to identify and optimize potential drug candidates.
Virtual screening is a computational method used in drug discovery to search large chemical databases for compounds that are likely to bind to a target of interest. Virtual screening involves the use of computational models, such as pharmacophore models, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, to predict the binding affinity and selectivity of a large number of compounds against the target. By screening virtual chemical libraries, virtual screening allows the rapid identification of potential drug candidates, which can then be further tested and optimized using experimental methods. Virtual screening is an important tool in drug discovery, as it can significantly reduce the time and costs associated with traditional drug discovery methods.
Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
PHARMACOHORE MAPPING AND VIRTUAL SCRRENING FOR RESEARCH DEPARTMENTShikha Popali
THE PHARMACOPHORE MAPPING AND VIRTUAL SCRRENING , THESE PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE DEATIL ACCOUNT ON PHARMACOPHORE, MAPPING, ITS IDENTIFIATION FEATURES, ITS CONFORMATIONAL SEARCH, INSILICO DRUG DESIGN, VIRTUAL SCREENING, PHARMACOPHORE BASED SCREENING
PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF ADMET PROPERTIES OF NEW.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Detail about PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF ADMET PROPERTIES OF NEW MOLECULES AND IT’S IMPORTANCE IN DRUG DISCOVERY, including DESCRIPTORS OF ADMET PREDICTION, DATASETS USED IN ADMET PREDICTION
Simplified receptor based pharmacophore approach to retrieve potent ptp lar i...rajmaha9
Simplified Receptor Based Pharmacophore Approach to Retrieve Potent PTP-LAR Inhibitors Using Apoenzyme
M. Elizabeth Sobhia*
Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S.
Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
Abstract: The design of biological active compounds from the apoenzyme is still a challenging task. Herein a simple yet efficient technique is reported to generate a receptor based pharmacophore solely using a ligand-free protein crystal structure. Human leukocyte antigen-related phosphatase (PTP-LAR) is an apoenzyme and a receptor like transmembrane phosphatase that has emerged as a drug target for diabetes, obesity and cancer. The prior knowledge of the active residues responsible for the mechanism of action of the protein was used to generate the LUDI interaction map. Then, the complement negative image of the binding site was used to generate the pharmacophore features. A unique strategy was
followed to design a pharmacophore query maintaining crucial interactions with all the active residues, essential for the enzyme inhibition. The same query was used to screen several databases consisting of the Specs, IBS, iniMaybridge, NCI and an in-house PTP inhibitor databases. In order to overcome the common bioavailability problem associated with phosphatases, the hits obtained were filtered by Lipinski’s Rule of Five, SADMET properties and validated by docking studies in Glide and GOLD. These docking studies not only suggest the essential ligand binding interactions but also the binding patterns necessary for the LAR inhibition. The ligand pharmacophore mapping studies further validated the
screened protocol and supported that the final screened molecules, presumably, showed potent inhibitory activity.
Subsequently, these molecules were subjected to Derek toxicity predictions and nine new molecules with different
scaffold were obtained as non-toxic PTP-LAR inhibitors. The present prospective strategy is a powerful technique to
identify potent inhibitors using the protein 3D structure alone and is a valid alternative to other structure-based and
random docking approaches.
Monitoring biosafety of pharmaceutical drugs, insecticides,and other bioactiv...ICRISAT
Mitochondria are large cell organelles in plant and animal cells. They convert chemical energy from food in the cell to usable energy using oxygen. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place inside the mitochondria. Reactions of Krebs cycle produce a chemical, NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, reduced form), which is then used by enzymes present in the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate energy rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.These molecules are utilized by the cells whenever energy is required. Therefore, mitochondria are also referred as power houses of the cell. Mitochondria are abundantly present in muscle and brain cells, and sperms to supply ATPs during demand for energy. Monitoring biosafety of pharmaceutical drugs, insecticides, and other bioactive molecules to mitochondria is necessary because some of them interact with the mitochondrial membrane or membrane proteins, thereby affecting the energy levels of cells or even induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Introduction
Examples of Protein-Ligand interactions
Protein-Ligand Interactions Can Be Described Quantitatively
Cooperative Ligand Binding Can Be Described Quantitatively by Hill Equation
Physical and chemical methods of protein-ligand interaction study
Verification of interactions
Public protein–protein interaction databases
Ligand docking
Conclusions
References
Detail about PROCESS FOR TECHNICAL NITRATION including INTRODUCTION, BATCH NITRATION,BATCH NITRATION OF HYDROCARBONS,MIXED ACID COMPOSITIONS FOR NITRATION
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING.pptx
1. MOLECULAR DOCKING AND
DRUG RECEPTOR
INTERACTION, AGENT
ACTING ON DHFR
MO.SHAHNAWAZ
220010226
M.PHARM (PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY)
2. INTRODUCTION
Molecular docking is a computational technique used to predict the binding
affinity and orientation of a ligand (such as a drug) to its receptor (such as a
protein) based on their three-dimensional structures.
Drug receptor interaction refers to the specific molecular interactions that occur
between a drug and its receptor, which ultimately determine the drug's efficacy
and side effects.
Molecular docking is a valuable tool in drug discovery because it can help
researchers identify potential drug candidates that can be further optimized and
developed into new drugs.
3. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme that is involved in the
folate metabolism pathway.
It catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF), which
is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids and other important cellular
processes.
DHFR is a target for several drugs, including methotrexate, trimethoprim, and
pyrimethamine, which are used in the treatment of cancer and bacterial
infections.
The interaction between DHFR and these drugs is based on their structural
similarity to the natural substrate DHF.
4. Methotrexate, trimethoprim, and pyrimethamine are drugs that target DHFR.
DHFR is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate
(THF).
Methotrexate and trimethoprim competitively bind to the active site of DHFR, inhibiting its
activity and preventing the reduction of DHF to THF.
The binding of these drugs to DHFR is essential for their therapeutic activity, as it selectively
inhibits cancer cells or pathogens and minimizes side effects in normal cells.
5.
6. MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION OF
METHOTREXATE
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the reduction of folic acid to dihydrofolic
acid and to tetrahydrofolic acid, an essential cofactor in the biosynthesis of
thymidylate, purines and glycine.
The folic acid analogue methotrexate (MTX) has been shown to bind tightly to the
active site of the enzyme, resulting in the death of exposed cells .
Although MTX has been widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of
many cancers, its lack of specicity for tumor cells and its high toxicity prole for many
types of cancer hamper its effectiveness .
Additionally, the development of drug resistance is also a limitation to MTX use.
7. RECEPTOR PREPARATION
The three-dimensional structure of DHFR has been extensively studied using
various techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
The crystal structure of DHFR from Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most
well-known and frequently studied structures. It consists of a single
polypeptide chain composed of 159 amino acid residues. The three-
dimensional structure of DHFR can be visualized as a compact bundle of alpha-
helices and beta-sheets.
The active site of DHFR, where the catalytic reaction takes place, is located in
a cleft on the surface of the protein. It consists of a cofactor-binding pocket
and a substrate-binding pocket.
8. The cofactor-binding pocket accommodates the cofactor NADPH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate) or NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which is essential
for the enzyme's catalytic activity. The substrate-binding pocket binds dihydrofolate (DHF)
and facilitates its reduction to tetrahydrofolate (THF).
9. LIGAND PREPARATION
The three-dimensional structure of methotrexate is obtained, either from
experimental data or by generating a reasonable structure computationally.
The ligand is prepared by optimizing its geometry, adding necessary hydrogen
atoms, and assigning partial charges.
10. DOCKING SIMULATION
The receptor and ligand structures are input into a molecular docking
software program.
The program uses algorithms to explore different orientations and
conformations of the ligand within the binding site of DHFR.
The ligand is scored based on its complementarity to the receptor, and
different poses are ranked accordingly.
Key interactions between methotrexate and DHFR are examined, such as
hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic contacts.
The binding affinity and binding energy are calculated, providing insights
into the strength of the ligand-receptor interaction.
11. Methotrexate is known to bind to the active site of DHFR. It forms several key
interactions with the enzyme, including hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic
interactions.
The pteridine moiety of methotrexate is believed to form hydrogen bonds with
specific amino acid residues within the active site, such as Asp27 and Met20.
The p-aminobenzoic acid portion of methotrexate establishes hydrophobic contacts
with nearby residues, such as Phe34 and Phe31.
The ensemble kinetics for the association of methotrexate and DHFR were
measured with a stopped flow by mixing 1 µM enzyme with 2.5–20 µM
methotrexate and monitoring the fluorescence (488-nm excitation, 530-nm cutoff
filter emission) in the same buffer and at the same temperature as the dissociation
constant measurements.
12.
13.
14.
15. REFERENES
1. Sawaya, M. R. & Kraut, J. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 586–603.
2. Fierke, C. A., Johnson, K. A. & Benkovic, S. J. (1987)
Biochemistry 26, 4085–4092.
3. Cayley, P. J., Dunn, S. M. J. & King, R. W. (1981) Biochemistry
20, 874–879.
4. Cameron, C. E. & Benkovic, S. J. (1997) Biochemistry 36,
15792–15800.
5. Beckett, D., Kovaleva, E. & Schatz, P. J. (1999) Protein Sci. 8,
921–929.
6. Miller, G. P., Wahnon, D. C. & Benkovic, S. J. (2001)
Biochemistry 40, 867–875.
7. Axelrod, D. (1989) Methods Cell Biol. 30, 245–270.