This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
Chemistry of peptide (BPHARM,MPHARM,MSC,BSC)Shikha Popali
THE PRESENTATION DESCRIBING BOND FORMATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS AND COUPLING REAGENTS IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS FOLLOWED BY CARBODIMIDES, PHOSPHONIUM AND AMMONIUM SALTS.
It is an intramolecular rearrangement reaction in which the 1,2-migration of silyl group from carbon to oxygen under basic conditions.It involves the formation of a pentacoordinate siliconintermediate.Discovered by Adrian Gibbs Brook in 1958.
Process chemistry AS PER PCI SYLLABUS FOR M.PHARMShikha Popali
pharmaceutical process chemistry is process WHERE FROM THE RESEARCH TO FINISH PRODUCT INCLUDING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AT LABORATORY LEVEL THAN PILOT PLANT WHERE THE PRODUCT IS MANUFACTURED IN 10X THAN FINAL AT 100X THAT IS SCALE UP PLANT.
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Point to point M.pharm CADD presentation on MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING, Dihydro Folate reductase Inhibiter (Methotrexate)
Microwave assisted reactions prepared by Dhanashree Kavhale. M. Pharm. II semester (Pharmaceutical Chemistry).
The microwave chemistry is also called as Green Chemistry.
Stages of scale up process mparm 1st year pharmaceutical process chemistryDhanashreeSarwan
Define Scale up process, need of Scale up technique, Stages of scale up process Bench\lab scale, pilot plant, large scale up technique, validation of large scale up process
Asymmetric synthesis (As per new syllabus of PCI)
Methods of asymmetric synthesis using chiral pool
Chiral auxiliaries and catalytic asymmetric synthesis
Enantiopure seperation
Stereoselective synthesis
Recent advances
References
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGEES ,DISADVANTAGES ,SYNTH...krishnapriyakr26
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONThe concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
Chemistry of peptide (BPHARM,MPHARM,MSC,BSC)Shikha Popali
THE PRESENTATION DESCRIBING BOND FORMATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS AND COUPLING REAGENTS IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS FOLLOWED BY CARBODIMIDES, PHOSPHONIUM AND AMMONIUM SALTS.
It is an intramolecular rearrangement reaction in which the 1,2-migration of silyl group from carbon to oxygen under basic conditions.It involves the formation of a pentacoordinate siliconintermediate.Discovered by Adrian Gibbs Brook in 1958.
Process chemistry AS PER PCI SYLLABUS FOR M.PHARMShikha Popali
pharmaceutical process chemistry is process WHERE FROM THE RESEARCH TO FINISH PRODUCT INCLUDING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AT LABORATORY LEVEL THAN PILOT PLANT WHERE THE PRODUCT IS MANUFACTURED IN 10X THAN FINAL AT 100X THAT IS SCALE UP PLANT.
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING.pptxMO.SHAHANAWAZ
Point to point M.pharm CADD presentation on MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION AGENT ACTING, Dihydro Folate reductase Inhibiter (Methotrexate)
Microwave assisted reactions prepared by Dhanashree Kavhale. M. Pharm. II semester (Pharmaceutical Chemistry).
The microwave chemistry is also called as Green Chemistry.
Stages of scale up process mparm 1st year pharmaceutical process chemistryDhanashreeSarwan
Define Scale up process, need of Scale up technique, Stages of scale up process Bench\lab scale, pilot plant, large scale up technique, validation of large scale up process
Asymmetric synthesis (As per new syllabus of PCI)
Methods of asymmetric synthesis using chiral pool
Chiral auxiliaries and catalytic asymmetric synthesis
Enantiopure seperation
Stereoselective synthesis
Recent advances
References
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGEES ,DISADVANTAGES ,SYNTH...krishnapriyakr26
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONThe concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
Continuous Flow Chemistry And The Manufacture Of Active Pharmaceutical Ingr...Stuart Silverman
A Series Of Informative Disquisitions About Continuous Flow Chemistry
Part Three:
Translation of flow protocols from the bench to the plant
Reaction Classes
Workup and isolation
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-2
Seminar
On
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTIONS/CHEMISTRY
Presented by:
Mr. Gagan S
1st M-pharm, Ph’ chemistry.
GCP, Bengaluru.
Presented to:
Dr. Chandrashekar javali sir
HOD, Ph’ Chemistry
GCP, Bengaluru.
2. CONTENTS :
• Introduction
• Batch v/s flow chemistry
• General working principle
• Types of reactors
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Synthetic applications
3. INTRODUCTION
The traditional pathway for multi step synthesis proceeds by the
batchwise and iterative step-by-step transformation of starting materials
into desired products.
A + B C, C D, D E
After the completion of each synthetic step products are isolated from the
reaction mixture and purified to remove any undesired components that
may interfere the further steps.
4. .
• Although this approach is the foundation on which modern synthesis has been built,
such an approach is time-consuming, often wasteful
5. • A recently introduced method for streamlining multi-step syntheses is
the use of continuous flow techniques to combine multiple synthetic
steps into a single continuous reactor network, thereby circumventing
the need to isolate intermediate products.
• Thus the concept of "flow chemistry" defines a very general range of
chemical processes that occur in a continuous flowing stream,
conventionally taking place in a reactor zone.
6. BATCH V/S FLOW CHEMISTRY
BATCH FLOW
Stoichiometry is set by the molar ratio of the
reagents used.
Stoichiometry is set by the ratio of flow rate
and molarity.
The reaction time is determined by the time a
vessel is stirred under fixed conditions.
The reaction time is expressed by the
residence time, i.e., the time reagents spend in
the reactor zone. Residence time is given by
τ = V/q
where V is the volume of the system, and q is
the flow rate for the system.
The reaction kinetics are controlled essentially
by the reagent exposure time under the
specified reactions conditions
Reactions kinetics are controlled by the flow
rates of the reagents streams.
Flexibility is more & hence it is preferred in
initial production of new compounds
Flexibility is less since it is continuous
reaction., modification of the process is
difficult
7. Great for the production of small qty. Great for the commercial production.
The reagent and product concentrations
vary over the time, and mixing becomes
very important aspect in order to reduce
concentration gradients that affect the
kinetics of a reaction.
Each portion of the reactor is defined by
specific concentrations of the starting
material(s) and product(s)
Mixing and mass transfer is less efficient. Mixing and mass transfer is very effective
and efficient.
The control of temperature in flow
processes can be achieved very accurately,
due to the high surface area-to- volume
ratio.
9. a) Pumps: used to deliver reproducible quantities of solvents and
reagents; the usual types are piston, peristaltic, syringe or gear
centrifugal pumps
b) Reaction loops: used to introduce small volumes of reagents
c) T-piece: primary mixing point, where reagents streams are combined
d) Coil reactor: provides residence time for the reaction
e) Column reactor: packed with solid reagents, catalysts or scavengers
f) Back pressure regulator: controls the pressure of the system
g) Downstream unit: in-line analytics, work-up operations, etc.
10. TYPES OF REACTORS:
• Plug flow reactors
• Column reactors
• Gas reactors
• Reactors for slurries
• Photochemical flow reactors
• Trickle bed reactors:
Gas and liquid are present in the reactor.
Downward movement of a liquid and the downward or upward movement of gas.
Liquid-phase hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydro-de-nitro-genation in
refineries
11. ADVANTAGES:
• Continuous flow synthesis is a great alternative to traditional batch
synthesis/production when it comes to demanding chemistries.
• Continuous flow processing provides many technical advantages over
traditional batch methods.
• Some products that cannot be produced in large batch processes due to
the thermodynamic nature of the reactions involved.
Under continuous flow conditions, however, because only small
quantities of reagents and products are present at any given time, these
issues can be avoided.
12. • Flow chemistry is often considered as an option when exploring new chemical
routes.
• Reactions which involve reagents containing dissolved gases are easily
handled, whereas in batch a pressurized "bomb" reactor would be necessary.
• Multi phase liquid reactions (e.g. phase transfer catalysis) can be performed in
a straightforward way.
• Scale up of a proven reaction can be achieved rapidly with little or no process
development work.
13. DISADVANTAGES:
• The main issue is the large existing batch manufacturing infrastructure.
• If a company gets trapped in the question ‘use existing or build new?. It will use the
existing equipment in the present business environment.
• Dedicated equipment is needed for precise continuous dosing (e.g. pumps),
connections, etc.
• Scale up of micro effects such as the high area to volume ratio is not possible and
economy of scale may not apply.
• Continuous equipment like microreactors are added when needed, and the existing
vessels modified to serve other purposes, such as hold-up tanks used to define the
batch for regulatory purposes.
14. SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS:
1. The generation of highly unstable chloromethylmagnesium chloride
in a continuous flow reactor and a subsequent reaction with
aldehydes and ketones provides chloro-hydrins and epoxides in good
yields within a total residence time of only 2.6 s.
15. 2. A continuous flow process converts isoxazoles into their oxazole
counterparts via a photochemical transposition reaction. A series of di-
and trisubstituted oxazoles were realized through this rapid and mild
flow process.
16. • 3. A selective acylation of readily accessible organomagnesium
reagents with commercially available esters proceeds in short residence
times in continuous flow. Flow conditions prevent premature collapse of
the hemiacetal intermediates despite noncryogenic conditions, thus
furnishing ketones in good yields.
17. • 4. Recently, the McQuade group reported a synthesis of the
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen using continuous flow
methods. The three-step synthesis (Friedel– Crafts acylation, 1,2-
migration and ester hydrolysis) was linked into a single continuous
system and provided ibuprofen.
18. REFERENCES:
• www.organic chemistry.org/topics/flow chemistry. shtm
• The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
using continuous flow chemistry, Beilstein journal of organic
chemistry.
• Continuous Flow Multi-Step Organic Synthesis, MIT open
access article.
19. QUESTION MAY APPEAR AS
• Write a note on Continuous flow reaction.
• Write a note on working principle, Advantages and
Synthetic applications of Continuous flow reactions.