Lipid Profile Tests.A lipid profile is a blood test that measures the concentrations of fats and cholesterol in the blood and can be used to assess so-called 'good cholesterol' versus 'bad cholesterol levels.
Lipid profile is an important group of tests used to diagnose hyperlipidemias. it is also used in Investigating Myocardial infarction , Diabetes mellitus & nephrotic syndrome
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Lipid profile is an important group of tests used to diagnose hyperlipidemias. it is also used in Investigating Myocardial infarction , Diabetes mellitus & nephrotic syndrome
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
This chapter is largely about the water and electrolytes ( salts )in your plasma and how the body manages to keep you from drying up and blowing away even if you are in the hot Texas sun and without liquid drink.
Renal function test (RFT), also known as kidney function test is a group of tests used to assess the functions of kidney.
It is used screen for, detect, evaluate and monitor acute and chronic kidney diseases.
These are simple blood and urine tests that are used identify kidneys problems.
Tests of renal function have utility in-
Identifying the presence of renal disease
Monitoring the response of kidneys to treatment
Determining the progression of renal disease
RFT is ordered, if your doctor
thinks your kidneys may not be working properly which is known from signs and symptoms
and if you have other conditions that can harm the kidneys, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
This chapter is largely about the water and electrolytes ( salts )in your plasma and how the body manages to keep you from drying up and blowing away even if you are in the hot Texas sun and without liquid drink.
Renal function test (RFT), also known as kidney function test is a group of tests used to assess the functions of kidney.
It is used screen for, detect, evaluate and monitor acute and chronic kidney diseases.
These are simple blood and urine tests that are used identify kidneys problems.
Tests of renal function have utility in-
Identifying the presence of renal disease
Monitoring the response of kidneys to treatment
Determining the progression of renal disease
RFT is ordered, if your doctor
thinks your kidneys may not be working properly which is known from signs and symptoms
and if you have other conditions that can harm the kidneys, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
The high risks of lipids and its relevance towards the development of different cardiovascular diseases has been known to all where this present slide focuses on that only along with the different treatment procedures,.
Lipids are insoluble in water, the problem of transportation in the aqueous plasma is solved by associating nonpolar lipids (triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters) with amphipathic lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol) and proteins to make water-miscible lipoproteins.
HYPERLIPIDAEMIA--LIPID PROFILE, TYPE OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA ,LIPOPROTEINS, CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION, ETIOPATHOLOGY,
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS, SIGN AND SYMPTOMS, PHARMACOKINETIC ,THERAPEUTIC USE, ADVERSE EFFECTS,CONTRAINDICATION .
lipoproteins transfer lipids such as triacylglycerol, cholestryl ester, fat soluble vitamins in the body. there are 5 categories of lipoproteins which includes chylomicrone, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL. LDL-cholesterol is called bad cholestrol while HDL-cholesterol is called good cholesterol.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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2. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION- Lipids are group of organic substances of
fatty nature which are insoluble in water, soluble in fat
solvents and which are related to fatty acids.
3. IMPORTANCE OF LIPIDS.
1. Reservoir of energy.
2. Constituents of cell membrane.
3. As a insulater and protective coating.
4. Constituents of neural tissue.
4. LIPOPROTEINS
They are spherical complexes of lipids and proteins.
Transport various lipids and fat soluble vitamins to and
from tissues.
Contain core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by
hydrophilic lipids and proteins.
6. Classification of Lipoproteins:
1. Chylomicrons – Contain appoprotein B-48.
2. Very Low density lipoproteins(VLDL) or pre-beta
lipoproteins.Main apoprotein is B-100.
3. Intermidiate density lipoproteins (IDL) or broad beta
lipoprteins.
4. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) or beta – lipoprteins.Major
apoprotein in HDL is apo-A.
5. High density lipoproteins (HDL) or alpha –
lipoproteins.Major apoprotein in HDL is apo-A.
7. CHYLOMICRONS:
SYNTHESIS OF CHYLOMICRONS-
Chylomcrons are formed in the intestinal mucosal cells,and
secreted into the lacteals of lymphatic system.
They are rich in triglyceride.
When the chylomicrons are synthesized by the intestinal
mucusa,they contain only apo-48 and apo-A
8. Metabolism of Chylomicrons:
Main sites of metabolism of chylomicrons are adipose tissue
and skeletal muscle.
The enzyme lipoprotein lipase(LPL) is located at the
endothelial layer of capillaries of adipose tissue ,muscles
and heart;but not in liver.
Apo –C-II present in the chylomicrons activates the LPL.
The LPL hydrolyses triglycerides present in chylomicrons
into fatty acids and glycerol.
9. Function of Chylomicrons:
Chylomicrons are the transport form of dietary triglycerides
from intestines to the adipose tissue for storage; and to
muscle or heart for their energy needs.
10. VERY LOW DENSITY
LIPOPROTEINS:
SYNTHESIS OF VLDL :Triacylglycerol synthesized in liver is
incorporated into VLDL when it is secreted.
METABOLISM OF VLDL:When they reach the peripheral
tissues,apo-C-II activates LPL which liberates fatty acids that
are taken up by adipose tissue and muscle.
The remnant is now designated as IDL(intermediate density
lipoprotein ) and contain less of TAG and more of
cholestrol.
FUNCTION OF VLDL:The VLDL carries endogenous TAG
from liver to peripheral tissues for energy needs.
11. LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS :
Low density lipoproteins (LDL) transports cholestrol from
liver to peripheral tissues.
The only apoprotein present in LDL is apo-B-100.
Most of the LDL in blood is about 2 days.
12. METABOLISM OF LDL AND LDL
RECEPTORS:
The LDL is taken up by peripheral tissues by receptor-
mediated endoytosis.
LDL receptors are located in specialized regions called
CLATHRIN-COATED PITS.
Binding of LDL to the receptor is by apo-B-100 receptor ,the
receptor –LDL complex is intenalized by endocytosis.
The LDL particle,along with apoproteins and cholestrol
ester are hydrolysed to form free cholestrol.
The free cholestrol is either incorporated into plasma
membranes or esterified and stored within the cell.
13. FUNCTION OF LDL:
About 75% of the plasma cholestrol is incorporated into the
LDL particles.
LDL transports cholestrol from liver to the peripheral tissues.
It is used for the synthesis of other steroids like steroid
hormones.
Cholesterol may be incorporated into the membranes.
14. LDL and Clinical Appliances:
The LDL concentration in blood has positive correlation with
incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
A fraction of cholestrol is taken up by macrophages.
Increased levels of LDL or oxidation of LDL increases uptake of
cholestrol by macrophages.
When macrophages are filled with cholestrol,foam cells are
formed.
They get deposited in the subendothelial space and leads to
the formation of atheromatous plaque.
Since LDL – cholestrol is thus deposited in tissues, the LDL
variety is called ‘BAD CHOLESTEROL’ in common parlance.
Insulin and tri-iodothyronine (T3) increase the binding of LDL
to liver cells.
15. HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN:
High density lipoproteins (HDL) transport cholestrol from
peripheral tissues to the liver.
METABOLISM OF HDL: The intestinal cells synthesize
components of HDL and release into blood.
The nascent HDL in plasma are discoid in shape.
The free cholestrol derived from peripheral tissue cells are
taken cells are taken up by the HDL.
The apo-A-I of HDL activates LCAT(lecithin cholestrol acyl
tranferase) present in the plasma.
The LCAT then binds to the HDL disk.
16. FUNCTIONS OF HDL:
I. HDL is the main transport form of cholestrol from
peripheral tissue to liver which is later excreted through
bile.This is called reverse cholestrol transport by HDL.
II. The only excretory route of cholestrol from the body is
the bile.
III. Excretion of cholestrol needs prior esterifications with
PUFA (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID).Thus PUFA will
help in lowering of cholestrol in the body,and so PUFA is
antiatherogenic.
17. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
HDL:
The level of HDL in serum is inversely related to the
incidence of myocardial infarction.
As it is ‘antiatherogenic’ or ‘protective’ in nature,HDL is
known as ‘GOOD CHOLESTROL’ in common parlance.
It is cinvenient to remember that ‘H’ in ‘HDL’ stands for
‘healthy’.
HDL level below 35 mg/dl increases the risk,while level
above 60 mg/dl protects the person from coronary artery
diseases.
18. TOTAL CHOLESTROL:
Total cholestrol measure the combination of LDL,HDL,and
VLDL in your bloodstream.
VLDL is a precursor of LDL,the bad cholestrol.
A total cholestrol score of 200 is considered healthy in most
cases.
People who score in the ‘high’ range have an increased risk
of developing heart disease compared to those who score
below 200.
19. WHY HIGH CHOLESTROL
MATTERS?
High cholestrol is one of the major risk factos for coronary
artery disease,heart attacks,and strokes.
It also appears to boost the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
As we know that ,high cholestrol leads to a buildup of
plaque that narrows the arteries.
This is dangerous because it can restrict blood flow
If the blood supply to a part of the heart or brain is
completely cut off,the result is a heart attack or stroke.
20. TRIGLYCERIDES:
The body converts excess calories,sugar,and alcohol into
triglycerides,a type of fat that is carried in the blood and
stored in fat cells throughout the body.
People who are overweight,inactive ,smokers ,or heavy
drinkers tend to have high triglycerides,as do those who eat
a very high –carb diet.
A triglycerides score of 150 or higher puts you at risk for
metabolic syndrome,which is linked to heart disease and
diabetes.