Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Concept of geomorphic cycle
1. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
In the Name of
Allah,
the Boundlessly Merciful, the Infinitely
Compassionate. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the
worlds; and peace and blessings of Allah be upon
His Prophet
Muhammed
2. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Chapter 7: Cycle of Erosion
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
3. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
• “Geomorphology is the study of the earth's landforms”
• Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he
called the "geographical cycle."
• This theory explained that mountains and landforms are created,
mature, and then become old.
Cycle of Erosion
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
5. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
The Geographic Cycle
According to Davis, this cycle is initiated by an
uplift of an area above sea level
Followed by a wearing down of the surface
through the action of running water and gravity
Until either the region is worn away (base
levelled) or the events are interrupted by renewed
uplift.
William Morris Davis
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
7. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Three Stages of Cycle of Erosion
3: Old stage
2: Mature stage
1: Youth Stage
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
8. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
• The cycle begins with the uplift of mountains. Rivers and
streams begin to create V-shaped valleys . During this first
stage, the relief is steepest and most irregular.
Youth
Stage
• Over time, the streams are able to carve wider valleysMature
Stage
• Then begin to meander, leaving only gently rolling hillsOld
Stage
• Finally, all that is left is a flat, level plain at the lowest
elevation possible (called the "base level.") This plain was
called by Davis a "peneplain," which means "almost a plain"
for a plain is actually a completely flat surface. Then,
"rejuvenation" occurs and there is another uplift of
mountains and the cycle continues.
Three Stages… Summary
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
10. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
• An erosion cycle takes so long that no one has
ever seen a complete cycle.
• The idealized erosion cycle is based on the
presumption that nothing interrupts the
regime of erosion.
CRITICISM
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
11. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
• The cycle of erosion may be modified by
the factors of climate.
CRITICISM… Cont
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
12. “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
• Davison erosion cycle theory is hurt by three
factors in particular:
• (1) the presently understood need for continuous
isostatic uplift during erosion,
• (2) the climatic variability displayed by most
lands,
• (3) the hydraulic behaviour of rivers noted by
Gilbert that precludes valley alluviation under
normal humid conditions and limits base-level
influences over interior slopes.
CRITICISM… Cont
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”
