Coastal erosion creates several landforms along shorelines including cliffs, headlands, bays, caves, arches, and stacks. The type of landform created depends on factors like the underlying rock material, with hard rocks like basalt resisting erosion to form steep cliffs and headlands, while softer rocks erode more quickly to form gently sloping cliffs. Cliff erosion occurs through both marine processes like waves and subaerial processes like weathering, and the rate and shape of the cliff changes over time in an episodic cycle as material accumulates and is removed from the cliff base.

1. Coastal Features Created By Erosion

2. Along a coastline, there are often many features created by erosion. The most common of these are : Cliffs Headlands Bays Caves Arches Stacks

3. Cliffs : Cliffs are shaped through a combination of erosion & weathering. Soft rock erodes easily and creates gently sloping cliffs . Hard rock is more resistant and erodes slowly and creates steep cliffs .

5. Cliff Processes & Morphology The rate & cliff morphology depend on factors such as cliff erosion, commonly due to marine erosion & sub-aerial erosion. Factors include:

6. 1 . Geological structure & lithology joint & fault rapid rate of erosion

7. 2 . Hard rock cliff basalt & granite erode slowly - produce steep high cliffs Hard rock, such as basalt, resists wave erosion creating a headland and sea stacks.

8. 3 . Softer rock & glacial material weathered more quickly & mass movement result in less steep slope glacial material

9. 4 . Joint & bedding planes determine cliff formation & amount of material movement to cliff foot

10. Rock type & structure influence nature sub-aerial processes deliver material to cliff foot sub-aerial erosion Cliff profile & cliff evolve depend on the effectiveness of sub-aerial processes on cliff face & strength of cliff material.

11. Hard rock & soft rock evolution are : Episodic & Cyclical: Material accumulates at the cliff foot, separated by longer periods of slower erosion, attrition and sediment transport as accumulated material is made smaller by attrition, then removed by marine action is itself episodic. As the toe armour is removed the cliff base is exposed to wave action and the erosion Cycle is repeated.

12. Done by: Md. Sharinoriman Md. Sharif Nancy Antas Nurazirah Hj Mohaiman Safriamizah Yayan