Phenotype Chromosomal abnormalitiesGenes ที่เกี่ยวข้อง Prognesis -Early Pre-BZ ( Common ALL ) Hyperdiploidy(50-60 chromosomes) good t (2;21) TEL AML1 good -Pre-B t (1;19) (q23; p13) PBX E2A intermediate t(9;22)(q34;p11) (Philadelphia chromosome) ABL BCR poor -mature B cell t (8;14) (q24; p32) MYC IGH poor t (2;8) (q12; p24) IGK MYC poor t (8;22) (q24; p11) MYC IGL poor Infant leukemia t (4;11) (q21; p23) AF4 MLL very poor -T cell structural changes involving T-cell receptor genes poor 14q11 TCR , TCR 7q34 TCR 7p15 TCR deletion or tranlocation involving 12p TEL
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Biochemical characterization 1. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt) 2. Purine pathway enzymes 3. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 4. Glucocorticoid receptors Cytokinetics โดยการวัด 3H-thymidine labeling index พบว่าถ้ามี index สูง ผู้ป่วยจะมีระยะ remission สั้น การวัด DNA index (DI) ด้วยวิธี Flow cytometry พบว่าผู้ป่วยที่มี DI สูงกว่าปกติจะมีพยากรณ์โรคด ี Cytochemistry
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INTERMEDIATE Age 2-9years inclusive with WBC = 10,000-49,999 / cu . mm . or Age 2-9 years inclusive with WBC <10,000 / cu . mm . and male ( Platelets <100,000 / cu . mm .) 12-23 months with WBC <50,000 / cu . mm . POOR Age > 10 years, or WBC > 50,000 / cu . mm . ( and >1 yr but < 20 years ) Must not meet Lymphoma Syndrome Criteria FAVORABLE WBC <10,000 / cu . mm . Age 2-9 years inclusive All girls, boys with platelets >100,000 / cu . mm .
1. Complete bloodcount ( CBC ) anemia and a low number of platelets. A white blood cell count ( WBC ) can be high, low, or normal ตรวจพบมี blast cells ในเลือด 10-20 เปอร์เซ็นต์ ของผู้ป่วยพบมี Auer rod ใน blast cell 2. Bone marrow aspiration : Morphology ( FAB )
Characteristic Acute LymphobasticLeukemia Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia Size 10-20 m m 14-20 m m Nucleus Shape Round or oval Round or oval Chromatin Smooth, homogeneous Spongy, loose, finely developed meshwork Nucleoli 0-2 and indistinct 2-5 and distinct “punched-out” Nuclear membrane Smooth, round Irregular Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio High Low Cytoplasm Color Blue Blue-gray Amount Thin rim More abundant Granules Absent Present Auer rods Absent Present Cytochemistry PAS stain Positive Negative Myeloperoxidase Negative Positive Sudan black B Negative Positive Periodic-acid-Schiff +/- - Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt) + -
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Abnormal bruising (occurslate in the disease) Enlarged lymph nodes , liver, or spleen Excessive sweating , night sweats Fatigue Fever Infections that keep coming back (recur) Loss of appetite or becoming full too quickly (early satiety) Unintentional weight loss
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Low-Risk CLL Highlymphocyte count in the blood and the marrow. Intermediate-Risk CLL High lymphocyte count in the blood and the marrow Enlarged (swollen) lymph nodes or High lymphocyte count in the blood and the marrow Enlarged (swollen) lymph nodes, liver or spleen. High-Risk CLL High lymphocyte count in the blood and the marrow Anemia (low red cell count) or High lymphocyte count in the blood and the marrow A low platelet count.
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1.Blood cell counts. high lymphocyte count, low red cell count and a low platelet count. 2.Blood cell examination. flow cytometry or immunophenotyping . the type of leukemia – chronic B-cell leukemias are most common, chronic T-cell leukemias are rare and NK (natural killer) leukemia is very rare. 3.Immunoglobulin Test. CLL may have low levels of immunoglobulins. A low immunoglobulin level may be the cause of repeated infections. 4.Bone Marrow Tests and Cytogenetic Tests